Mistletoe
Bird
Located alongside the Murray River upstream of Echuca-Moama, the Barmah-Millewa forest is a Ramsar wetland of international significance. It has also been nominated as an Important Bird Area.
It is one of six Living Murray icon sites.
In Victoria, the Barmah Forest can be assessed via a number of tracks off either the Murray Valley Highway (B300) or the Picola North Road. One of the best access points is via Dargan Track. Another is via Murray's Mill.
But the main access point in Victoria is via Sandridge Road from Barmah Town (the only Victorian town north of the Murray River). The Sandridge Road leads to the Dharnya information centre and to Barmah Lake from where the MV 'Kingfisher' operates wetland cruises.
Part of the Barmah Forest is a State Park. Cattle grazing is sometimes allowed in the Park. If the whole forest becomes National Park as proposed, commercial cattle grazing will not be allowed but ecological grazing may be allowed at times.
In NSW, the Moira Forest can be accessed via a number of tracks off the Cobb Highway (B75). It can also be accessed via a bridge over the Gulpa Creek at Picnic Point. Moira Lake and its surrounds is a flora reserve.
The Reed Beds Exclosure is a conservation area alongside Gulpa Creek south of Picnic Point Road. There is an elevated walkway and new bird hide in the exclosure. A walking track leads from Picnic Point Road via a suspension bridge to the Murray and with an arm to an old bird hide.
Gulpa Island is north of Moira Forest. It can be accessed via Picnic Point Road. The northern section of the island can be accessed from the Cobb Highway (75) via Walliston Road. The eastern section can be accessed from tracks off Millewa Forest Road (e.g. near the Edward River Bridge).
There are a number of forest drives in the forest. These should only be attempted in dry weather when the forest is not in flood.
There are commercial camp grounds at Picnic Point and Mathoura. In Victoria, there is a free camp ground alongside Barmah Lake. There is a motel in Mathoura. There are caravan resorts, motels, B and Bs and hostels in Echuca-Moama and Shepparton.
Camping is allowed in the forest. Campers are asked to remove all rubbish as bins are no longer provided. On the NSW side of the Murray, there is a ban on shooting, trail bikes (in certain areas) and, in summer, wood fires. There are large skips at the main forest entrances on the NSW side of the border. Trail bikes and, apart from days of total fire ban, camp fires are allowed in Victoria. Campers should remember that the NSW border is the top of the river bank on the Victorian side of the river. Therefore, NSW fishing and boating regulations apply (see section on native fish on this site).
The eco-certified two-hour Kingfisher Cruise from Barmah Lake through The Narrows is an ideal way to see the forest, especially if it is in flood. Bookings are necessary (03 5480 1839 business hours).
The lakes area is usually a suitable place of canoeing although the current in the Murray itself is quite strong and so one should not attempt to paddle upstream.
Visitors are urged to obtain good maps before visiting the forest. Information is available from the Mathoura Tourist Information and Rural Transaction Centre and from the Dharnya Centre. The downloadable birding guides listed below contain sketch maps. 1:50,000 topographic maps are useful (1:25,000 maps if you wish to do bushwalking).
If there have been good winter rains, much of the forest may be flooded in Spring and early summer. Autumn may be the best season to visit the forest. It is difficult to find a top camp site along the rivers over Easter when thousands of people flock to the forest.
Raised river levels and flooding sometimes make forest access difficult between May and November. Furthermore, limited access may be possible through summer until March.
Related pages
Bushland Reserves of northern Victoria and southern Riverina NSW
Barmah-Millewa Forest
including
Barmah State Park, Gulpa Island and Moira Forest
The VEAC draft proposals paper dated July 2007 recommends that virtually all of Barmah Forest (Victoria) become a National Park. If the recommendation is accepted by parliament, camping will continue to be allowed and vehicles will be able to use formed roads (except during flood times). However, solid wood fires, dogs, shooting, grazing and lumbering will not be permitted. The following will be upgraded if and when the final recommendations are passed into law. Copies of the draft proposals can be obtained from VEAC. Submissions to VEAC close 21st September 2007. Please read the Discussion Paper and Draft Proposals book thoroughly before making a submission or attending a consultation session. The following information may be of interest.
One argument being used against the proposal is that there are more trees in the forest than before European settlement. This is correct. But it is not a good thing. The average tree today is younger and smaller. In places, there are thickets of saplings where Moira Grass Plains existed pre river 'regulation'. Refer to the section on Moira Grass Plains below.
Some are critical of the fact that VEAC has recommended an end to commercial cattle grazing. VEAC has left open the possibility of cattle being used for environmental purposes, as is the case on the grasslands at Terrick Terrick National Park. A section below examines the impact of cattle in the forest. On the whole, cattle grazing probably does more damage than good and may increase rather than reduce the fire risk!
Location
Bama State Forest (NSW)
Located north-east of Echuca-Moama, the Barmah-Millewa 'Forest' straddles the Victoria-NSW border and covers about 66,600 hectares. Barmah-Millewa forest resembles a triangle in shape with its base running roughly north-south. The 'Forest' includes several lakes, wetlands, Moira Grass plains and sand hills. In places, on higher ground, Black Box is the dominant tree. But Red Gum is the dominant tree around wetlands and along the rivers. Callitris Pine is the dominant tree on sandhills. aeolian sandhills or lunettes mark the edge of a once larger Moira Lake. The forest is called Barmah Forest in Victoria (28,500ha; light grey on map below ~ parts of which form a State Park) and Millewa State Forest, Gulpa Island State Forest or Moira State Forest in NSW (38,100ha; darker grey on map below).
Barmah-Millewa Forest
The Living Murray initiative lists this forest as one of six icon sites in the Murray-Darling Basin to be protected for their ecological significance. One icon site (Os significant environmental asset) is Barmah-Millewa Forest.The other Living Murray icon sites are
* Gunbower-Koondrook-Perricoota Forest
* Hattah Lakes
* Chowilla Floodplain, Lindsay and Wallpolla Island
* The Coorong, lower lakes and river mouth, and
* the river channel itself.
Barmah-Millewa is a wetland of International Importance under the Ramsar Convention and consideration is being given to nominating it as an Important Bird Area (IBA) because of its importance to the endangered Superb Parrot. It is an important breeding ground for a number of birds, including Yellow-billed Spoonbill, Nankeen Night Heron, Royal Spoonbill, Intermediate Egret, Great Egret and Australian White Ibis.
The Barmah-Millewa Forest provides habitat for numerous threatened plant and animal species, including birds, fish and reptiles, and supports colonies of breeding waterbirds during appropriate seasonal conditions.
The Living Murray initiative aims to enhance forest fish and wildlife values, ensure successful breeding of thousands of colonial waterbirds in at least three years in ten, promote healthy vegetation in at least 55% of the area of the forest (including virtually all of the Giant Rush, Moira Grass, River Red Gum forest, and some River Red Gum woodland).
Because of irrigation, natural river flow patterns differ from those which existed pre-European settlement. The river now flows at near bankful through The Narrows (see below) throughout summer, whilst winter-spring floods are usually neither as deep nor as prolonged.
In attempt to restore a natural flooding and drying regime to the forest, a number of environmental works and measures have been completed or are planned. There are in excess of 50 water management structures, including regulators, pipes, culverts and earthen banks. To enable native fish to move up and down river, fish ladders have been, or are being, installed at obstacles such as weirs. Some of the fish ladders have traps aimed at reducing the number of the introduced European Carp, a fish which increases river turbidity and competes with native fish.
Regulators such as this one at the Top End help keep water out of wetlands over
autumn and summer when river levels are artificially high, but can
be opened to allow wetlands to be flooded in late spring. (K Stockwell)In his Australia Day 2007 address to the National Press Club, the then Prime Minister, Hon John Howard, announced 'engineering works for the 'Barmah Choke'. It is important that 'The Choke' (The Narrows), a landform of considerable significance, itself not be interfered with. The very existence of the Barmah-Millewa wetlands depend upon channel capacity being exceeded during late winter and spring. The wetlands should then be allowed to dry out over late summer and autumn. A by-pass channel could be good news for the forest if it is only used in summer and autumn. On the other hand, if a by-pass is used all year, including late winter and spring and early summer, causing a reduction in the depth and duration of flooding, it could spell doom for the wetlands. The Victorian Government has established a group to assess the proposal and the leader believes that the project will not go ahead if the environment will be worse off as a result. Some NSW irrigators between Tocumwal and Barmah are particularly concerned.
Another proposal which may result in further degradation of the wetlands is for dams along the King and Ovens rivers. At present, flood water from these unregulated rivers sometimes enters the Barmah-Millewa wetlands. Environmental water is sometimes released to supplement the depth and/or duration of flooding. Damming these rivers will not create one drop of additional water, but it may mean a reduction of flooding in Barmah-Millewa, and that is a bad thing.
A view of Barmah Lake from The Narrows (K Stockwell)Hundreds of years ago the Murray flowed north of Echuca, along the course of what is today called Green Gully. It was the Goulburn River that flowed through what is now Echuca. Tectonic activity caused the land to the west of the present Barmah-Millewa Forest to be uplifted by between 8 and 12 metres along a north-south fault line, sloping back down to the west (the Cadell Tilt Block). The Cadell Fault Line runs between Deniliquin and Moama. The same fault may continue south from Echuca to, say, Runnymeade (Lake Cooper and Green Lake lay immediately east of this fault). The westward course of the Murray was blocked and a huge lake formed as a result. Earth movements along this fault are still occurring. The uplift was thought to have occurred about 16,000 years ago, give or take a few thousand years.
Over the years, the Murray tried to escape from this lake. Gulpa Creek is an early attempt. Eventually the waters flowed around the northern edge of the tilt block as The Edward (alongside which Deniliquin is now built) and south as The Narrows. The Edward rejoined the old course of the Murray near Barham. The Goulburn may have also blocked for a time. Eventually, the Murray also found an escape to the south (The Narrows) and flowed into the Goulburn. The Narrows is a perched river with natural silt jetties separating it from the remnants of a once larger large, Moira Lake and Barmah Lake. Most rivers flow in a valley but The narrows is actually higher than the land either side, its natural levees preventing the river from spreading out over a vast area. In flood times , The narrows (Barmah Choke) cannot carry as much water as other parts of the river system, so the surrounding flat land is flooded. The fault also created numerous braided channels which distribute flood waters throughout the forest.
Frequent flooding enabled a red gum forest to be created, with Banksia and native Pine dominating aeolian sand ridges which mark the retreating edge of prior lakes. Local rainfall alone cannot support the forest.
Natural levee, The Narrows (K Stockwell)The Moira and Barmah Lakes are separate only because of natural levees formed as the Murray passed through the lake, and they are but a remnant of their former size. Hut Lake, the Reed Beds, the Gluepot, Duffys Lagoon and Duck Lagoon are just some of the other fragments of a once huge lake.
Today, extensive red gum forests grow along the Murray River between Cobram, Deniliquin and Echuca-Moama. The forest is usually referred to as the Barmah Swamp and most visitors keep to the Victorian side. Barmah Forest, much of which is a State Park, lies between Cobram and Barmah on the Victorian side of the Murray River. But the term red gum forest is misleading. There are areas of sandhills (dominated by Callitris pine), grassland (Moira Grass plains), grassy box forest (on slightly higher areas) and both 'permanent' and ephemeral wetlands.
Water regulation (using dams and regulators) and extraction (e.g. for irrigation) have changed river flow patterns, with much higher summer flows. Some wetlands had, at least until recently, been permanently inundated, resulting in environmental degradation. Rehabilitation schemes have been attempted (e.g. of the Moira Lake wetlands and Reed Beds) and the Barmah-Millewa Forum was set up to co-ordinate management of the forest. It has now been replaced by site managers (one from each State) and a number of committees (see below).
An area of around 1,500ha, which includes Moira Lake and the surrounding Moira Grass plains, has been declared a flora reserve from which cattle and forestry have been excluded. Where appropriate, a fence has been constructed around much of the reserve (the Moira Channel and Murray river serve as unfenced boundaries). Timber extraction in the area has ceased and an extensive restoration programme is well under way. A rehabilitation plan for the wetland has been developed by the NSW Murray Wetlands Working Group, NSW State Forests and the Department of Land and Water Conservation. Summer flows can now be excluded from the wetland, simulating natural conditions. Access is via Cobb Highway north of the Shepparton turnoff and immediately north of Moira Channel (because of a locked gate, a long walk is involved) or by walking from the southern end of Narrows Road
A rock wall built to prevent river water from entering Moira Lake (K Stockwell)Stage 3 of the Moira Lake Restoration Scheme is planned. At considerable cost, the Moira Channel may be 'relocated' so that it takes off downstream of, and skirts to the south of, Moira Lake. The part of Moira Lake which the channel presently crosses is expected to be rehabilitated.
Whilst the forest and its wetlands attract lots of tourists and brings lots of money into the region, there's another benefit: the Barmah-Millewa wetlands are habitat for large numbers of ibis which each day travel to surrounding farms, preying on insect pests that feed on crops and pastures. At night, large numbers of bats leave the forest in search of insects, supplementing the work of the ibis. This natural pest control service has been valued at over $650,000 per annum.
A large volume of environmental water was released to the forest over the spring and summer of 2005-06, triggering a major bird and fish breeding event. Three species of Egret (Great, Intermediate and Little) all bred successfully. Other birds also bred successfully, including Nankeen Night Heron, White Ibis and Straw-necked Ibis.
Since then, prolonged drought conditions have prevailed and even some 'permanent' wetlands have dried up. Giant Rush (Juncus ingens) has taken over much of the wetlands ~ growing one and an half metres tall in just six months ~ whilst red gum saplings have taken over other areas.
Barmah Forest
The most-visited part of the forest is that section of Barmah Forest which can be accessed via the Sandridge Road from Barmah Town. The Barmah Lake is popular with day visitors and campers alike. A small tourist boat, MV Kingfisher, operates from the lake, offering cruises of about two hours in duration. There is an information centre alongside Sandridge Road, north of the turnoff to Barmah Lake but it is currently closed owing to termite damage.Sandridge Road meets a river road. If the roads are open and dry, motorists can drive alongside the Murray for many kilometres. The forest can also be accessed from tracks off both the Murray Valley Highway and Picola North Road.
Compared to the NSW side, there are relatively few fenced exclusion plots in Victoria. The best one, perhaps, is located near the intersection of Dargan track and Bourke Street. The exclusion plot protects a variety of trees and shrubs, including Buloke. However, some shrubs and trees found in places on the NSW side appear to be absent from the Victorian side, e.g. Banksia marginata.
There is an interesting half-day forest drive on the Victorian side of the Murray River from Barmah Town (VicRoads Map 31 H2) along Sand Ridge Road to "The Gulf" and on to Morgans Beach. Because of the length of the drive, it is best to return to Barmah via the sealed Picola-Barmah Road.
On the NSW side of the river, the signposted Moira Forest Drive leaves the Cobb Highway south of Mathoura and follows Poverty Point, Narrows and Swifts Creek roads. There is another forest drive off the Tocumwal (also called Millewa) (also called Aratula) Road.
The drive from Mathoura along Picnic Point Road to the Murray River is also a delightful drive although the road has been straightened and widened and is now bitumen for most of its length. Grey-crowned Babblers and Blue-faced Honeyeaters are often sighted along the side road to Tarragon Lodge.
Apart from red gum forest and sandhills, there are extensive areas of Box Forest, much of which is coppice growth from previously-logged trees. Grey Box dominates on non-sandy areas which do not flood very often. Black Box dominates on clay areas which occasionally flood for short periods. Native Pine (Callitris) is the dominant tree on sandhills. There are areas of Moira Grass Plains and perennial wetlands. The article by Pat Corry below helps us realise that the forest is not merely a Red Gum monoculture.
It is this forest that VEAC has recommended become a national park. At present, parts are State Park.
Gulpa Island
Gulpa Island lies between the Edward River and Gulpa Creek. There is a sealed road, Picnic Point Road, across the south end of Gulpa Island from the Cobb Highway at Mathoura to Millewa Forest Road, the Tocumwal turnoff.A walking track alongside Gulpa Creek can be accessed at the edge of Mathoura, from the first bridge over Gulpa Creek, opposite a small caravan park and kiosk. The track features a number of bridges over Gulpa Creek. The northern end of the walking track, near Polly's Bridge is highly regarded by bird observers. Red-browed finches and water birds are usually observed along this track.
Red-browed Finch (D Ong)Immediately after the Picnic Point Road crosses Gulpa Creek on to Gulpa Island, there is a vehicular track alongside the creek. The track heads north for many kilometres before leading back to the Cobb Highway half way between Mathoura and Deniliquin.
It is interesting to note how Reeds are common on the town side of the creek and not as common on the forest side where grazing has occurred.
Near the northern end of Gulpa Creek Road, just before Gulpa Creek Road crosses Gulpa Creek, there is a road to the right, Junction Track. A short distance along Junction Track is the intersection with Langmans Road. Langmans Road skirts a sandhill, a large section of which is fenced. The fenced exclosure protects remnant sandhill vegetation, including Murray Pine, Golden Wattle, native grasses, everlastings, Hop Bush, Calytrix and Exocarpus. The area is popular with bird observers as Gilberts Whistler is sometimes observed here.
Rather than following Gulpa Creek Road all the way north, Taylor's Bridge Road can be followed across the island and it eventually leads to Millewa Forest Road at the Edward River Bridge. There are a number of scenic alternatives to Millewa Forest Road, one of which is Sages Track. Emus are often sighted along Sages Track, as are some endangered birds such as Diamond Firetail. Southern Whiteface is often observed on or near fallen branches along Sages Track.
Emus along Sages Track (D Ong)A short distance before the bitumen ends, there is the two-storied Reed Beds bird hide which affords splendid views over the Reed Beds, a wetland remnant of a once huge Moira Lake. When the swamp contains water, large numbers of water birds can be observed feeding and nesting. The wetland has been dry for the past few years.
Bird Hide, The Reed Beds MathouraThe Reed Beds have been protected by a 2,000ha exclosure in which forestry and grazing have been prohibited. An expensive restoration programme has been undertaken and there has been a marked improvement in the vegetation and bird life. The Reed Beds were flooded in 2004. The modern bird viewing structure off Picnic Point Road replaces a hide built in 1986. Unlike the old hide, there is all-weather access to the new structure by sealed road. The walkway has been built above the 1 in 100 year flood level. Birds which can be viewed from the new structure from time to time include Great-crested Grebe, Australasian Grebe, Clamorous Reed Warbler, Sacred Kingfisher, Coot, Pelican, Little Pied Cormorant, Little Black Cormorant, Royal Spoonbill, Yellow-billed Spoonbill, Little Grassbird, Purple Swamp Hen, Swamp Harrier and White-bellied Sea-eagle. Access the hide via the Mathoura to Picnic Point Road.
From the Tocumwal turnoff, Picnic Point Road continues unsealed to Picnic Point alongside the Murray River. There are camp grounds and a lodge here. There is a boat ramp at Picnic Point. The small riverside riverside alongside the Picnic Point Caravan Park is a good bird watching spot as such birds as White-browed Scrub Wrens, Red-browed Finches, Superb (Blue) Fairy Wrens and Nankeen Night Herons are used to campers and rather timid. There are public toilets alongside the narrow riverside reserve.
At Picnic Point, a bridge over Gulpa Creek gives access, after passing by several private dwellings and Tarragon Lodge, to Moira State Forest. It is possible to drive alongside the Murray atop a natural silt jetty for many kilometres. After several kilometres, a locked gate limits further vehicular access. It is worth walking alongside the river from here to Moira Lake. But a word of warning. It ay not be a good idea to try to walk around Moira Lake as there a lot of snakes in high grass between the Moira Channel and Moira Lake. So many, that it is hard to avoid treading on one with possible nasty consequences! Most of the snakes are Red-bellied Blacks and they are unlikely to be aggressive unless trodden on or approached too closely.
Red-bellied Black Snake (D Ong)A day on Gulpa Island
by (the late) Pat Corry
East of the Cobb Highway between Deniliquin and Echuca, extending back along the flood plain of the Murray River towards Tocumwal, are more than 35,000 hectares of State Forests. These River Red Gum forests contain many unusual features of great interest and are criss-crossed by a number of picturesque forest drives.I would like to take you on a drive through one of our favourite spots, Gulpa Island.
Gulpa Island is bounded by the Edward River and the Gulpa Creek. The drive is about 15km. It commences at Mathoura and can be entered by crossing Polly's Bridge at the Gateway Caravan Park on Gulpa Creek.
Turn sharp left past the bridge and continue beside the creek, stopping at the cattle grid.
You will see on your left a scarred tree. The scar marks the place where an aborigine has removed a sheet of bark to make a canoe many years ago.
A short distance further on, look away to the left and you will see the Cadell Tilt.
There is a north-south fault in the Earth's surface. The land to the west rose up to 10m above the land to the east, some thousands of years ago. This altered the course of the Murray River by blocking its flow (the old course is the present-day Green Gully). A lake formed the the east of the fault, the waters of the Murray building up (a greater Barmah Lake) until water spilt out, some flowing South towards Echuca, some flowing north (Edward River and various creeks) through Deniliquin. The two arms rejoin some 200 kms west.
While observing the flora and bird life, follow the Gulpa Creek Road. You will see a lonely remnant of the original stand of Sandalwood. Continue on and you will see Blue Rod, Slender Hopbush, Narrow Hopbush, Ruby Salt Bush and Kurrajong.
Calytrix tetragonaMelville Road and Langman's Road will take you through to sand ridges with large numbers of native trees, shrubs and other plants such as Murray Pine, Cooba, Grey Mulga, Cherry Ballart, Calytrix (Fringe Myrtle), etc which are all common on the sandhill. Some areas are fenced for preservation and walking around these you can see the following native regrowth: Banksia marginata, Pale-fruit Ballart, Buloke, Clematis microphylla, Common Fireweed, Nodding Saltbush, Blushing Bindweed, Woollyhead Mat Rush, Austral Bugles, Cranberry Heath, Flannel Cudweed, Common Wheat Grass, Shrubby Riceflower and Native Jasmine. Kangaroos and emus may be sighted on your journey.
On a day there we saw more than 50 species of birds, including Superb Parrots and a large number of Friarbird. From where we sat having lunch, we watched nesting pairs of Diamond Firetails, Striated Pardalotes and Rainbow Bee-eaters busily feeding their young.
Superb Parrot (D Ong)You may pass many camping and fishing spots along the way and will re-enter the Cobb Highway some 12km north of Mathoura.
As you leave the forest, observe the large regrowth of River Red Gum that struck after the 1993 floods. You will also notice the high flood levels on the trees. We hope you enjoy this tour as much as we do.
Pat Corry had many interests. Amongst other things, Pat was amongst the first to campaign for the protection of roadsides which were rich in native grasses and significant indigenous vegetation. The above notes were written about 10 years ago. Webmeister.
Moira Forest and Moira Lake Flora Reserve
Moira Forest is located south of Picnic Point Road. Motorists travelling along the Cobb Highway on the Cadell Tilt Block can see over the tops of the trees in Moira Forest to the east.There is a delightful forest drive through Moira Forest. Enter the forest from a well-sign posted turnoff along the Cobb Highway about half way between the Shepparton-Barmah Road and Mathoura. Drive along Poverty Point Road to Poverty Point picnic ground and then follow Narrows Road alongside the Murray to Porters Creek Road. Follow Porters Creek Road to Coolaman Road and return to the highway. Narrows Road can also be accessed via a bridge over Gulpa Creek at Picnic Point. At the end of the drive, it may be worth stopping at the western side of Moira Flora Reserve, an area of Box trees.
Several years ago, work began on restoring Moira Lake to its original condition ~ it used to be a great fishing spot in the early days of European settlement. The Murray River and Moira Channel act as barriers to the movement of cattle. Fencing has been erected on the other sides of the Moira Lake flora Reserve. Cattle have also been excluded from the reserve, resulting in the return of many plants which have been uncommon for many years. Regulators have been constructed along Moira Creek so that water can be allowed to enter the wetland over Winter and Spring but prevented from entering over Summer and Autumn, allowing the wetlands to dry out as they once did prior to river regulation. Unfortunately, high river flows for irrigation and water supplies in summer can sometimes exceed the capacity of the Murray, here known as the Bar bah choke, so that summer flooding sometimes occurs. The final stage of the restoration involves the relocation of the Moira Channel and/or a By-pass around the Choke.
Left: Moira Lake ~ sometimes allowed to dry out in late summer and autumn. (K Stockwell)
If you can visit here, the raucous cry of flocks of Sulphur-crested cockatoos coming form the red gums will remain etched in your memory for years to come.
When Moira Lake contains water, a large number of terns and water birds may be observed.
Stage 3, the final stage, of the Moira Lake Restoration Scheme is planned. The final stage involves the relocation of the Moira Channel downstream and rehabilitation works along the site of the present channel. The lake is presently dry but, because Giant Rush has taken over, it no longer resembles the way it was when the photograph was taken a few years ago. A thick blanket of rush grew to over one and an half metres tall in just six months.
Millewa Forest
That part of the forest east of The Edward (River) and north of the Murray River is termed Millewa Forest. Millewa Forest Road (also called Tocumwal Road and formerly called Aratula Road) runs through this section of forest. Some tracks lead south from Millewa Forest Road to the Murray. There are some good camping sites along the river in this section. A few decades back there were some holiday shacks alongside the Murray. This have now all been demolished. Some of the trees planted around the shacks remain. Upstream of Picnic Point there is such a spot with many fruit and garden trees, Walthours Garden. When the forest is not in flood, seldom-used tracks in the vicinity of Walthours Garden are suitable for bush walking. Further upstream the Murray becomes a braided stream with many lagoons. Yet further upstream is a large meander with a narrow neck and it is here that anglers sometimes choose to camp.
Bama Forest
This State forest is located in NSW alongside the Murray River downstream of Barmah Town. It is generally regarded as part of the greater Barmah-Millewa Forest. Much of this forest consists of Box which has been logged in the past. Therefore, many of the trees have multiple stems from a stump. Adjoining private property is used for "paint ball". Some adjoining farmers have allowed bushland to regenerate on part of their properties.Formerly part of the ancient Lake Kanyapella, Bama State Forest is a flood retarding basin, protecting Echuca-Moama from serious flooding. It is important that flood waters can continue to enter this forest. Map reference: Mathoura 1:50,000 (Central Mapping Authority of NSW)
Bullatale (Tuppal) Flora Reserve
Located alongside The Edward (River) south of Deniliquin and north of Gulpa Island, this large flora reserve is part of the Barmah-Millewa Forest.
Ulupna Island
This red gum forest is located in Victoria upstream of the Barmah-Millewa Forest, north of Strathmerton. Morgans Beach is a popular beach located between Ulupna Island State Forest and Barmah Forest. Reference: Strathmerton 7926-S 1:50,000 (Central Mapping Authority of New South Wales). VEAC recommends that his area be part of Barmah National Park.
Other NSW reserves in the forest
Other reserves on the NSW side of the Murray include Bullatale (Tuppal, north of Gulpa Island), Toupna Creek (NW of Hills Road) and Sanddune Pine (south of Fire Hut Rd). In addition, there are a number of 'exclosures'. Grazing, forestry and other extractive activities are not permitted in these reserved areas.
Other Victorian reserves
Opposite Bama Forest and downstream of Barmah is Echuca Regional Park and some state forest, much of which lie between the Murray River and Echuca-Nathalia (Stewarts Bridge) Road. There is also forest and wetlands alongside the Goulburn River which enters the Murray downstream of Stewarts Bridge. Much of these forests form parts of the proposed Lower Goulburn River National Park. A short distance from the Goulburn River is Kanyapella Basin. These areas are listed separately.
Bushwalking
A walking track has been constructed alongside Gulpa Creek at Mathoura. The walk can be started at either Cranes Bridge (on the northern edge of Mathoura near the mandarin orchard) or near Polly's Bridge, Mathoura to Picnic Point Road. There are several foot bridges over Gulpa Creek and the section of track nearest Polly's bridge is a loop. The final bridge, linking sections 1 and 2 of the walkway, was opened during 2006.A good spot for walking is probably on Gulpa Island. A day-long circuit can be done incorporating Tea Tree Road (the plants are actually fringe myrtles or Calytrix tetragona), Langmans Road and Gulpa Creek Road. Tea Tree Road follows a sand ridge (lunette) which has been fenced in places to protect the feeding grounds of rare birds as well as to encourage the regeneration of banksias, hop bushes, Calytrix and other plants. Those behind this idea are to be applauded as the fences keep rabbits and cattle off the environmentally-sensitive lunettes. A degraded sandhill in the Millewa Forest has also been fenced to exclude cattle and revegetation work will be undertaken.
Another good walk on Gulpa Island is from Cranes Bridge via Sages Track to the Edward River Bridge, Tocumwal (Millewa Forest) Road. A good topographic map is needed and it is a good idea to do a 'recce' beforehand. The birding along Sages Track is usually outstanding: Emu, Southern Whiteface and Diamond Firetail are usually seen.
Several off-track walks are possible but flooded runners and wetlands may prove a hindrance at times.
There is an easy half-day circuit walking track from the picnic ground at Barmah Lake along Broken Creek, across to the Dharnya (Information) Centre (presently closed) and back through the forest to Barmah Lake.
Moira Grass plains
Over the years, Europeans have exploited the forest. The forest is still logged and has been grazed by cattle, although these activities are being excluded from the exclosures and flora reserves on the NSW side of the Murray. Logging is no longer permitted in Barmah State Park.Cattlemen were attracted by Moira Grass, which is green in summer when surrounding lands are barren. The removal of cattle in Autumn is termed "The Barmah Muster" and has become somewhat of a tourist attraction. (Cattle were removed from the forest in 2007 and not permitted to return until the grasses recover from the present drought. April 2008. Webmeister).
Moira Grass plains are becoming increasingly uncommon in the forest. In the past, deep flooding killed young saplings and favoured the growth of the grass. With irrigation and river regulation, large floods are uncommon so fewer Red Gum saplings are now drowned by flooding. Red Gum forest and Giant Rush have replaced much of the Moira Grass plains. Giant Rush (Juncus ingens) is capable of growing in height by 11mm per day. Cattle find Giant Rush unpalatable.
Red Gum (K Stockwell)Cattle
On the NSW side of Barmah-Millewa forest, cattle licences permit cattle to be grazed for a period (e.g. six months) in certain areas. The forest is then rested for a period.The forest on the NSW side of the Murray is divided into sections. Over winter, cattle may be allowed in areas where introduced grasses can be targeted. Cattle grazing may be allowed on higher sections of the forest, where they are unlikely to damage boggy wetlands, during summer. There are also exclosures in which cattle are not normally permitted. Some of these areas are wetlands. As flood waters recede, cattle can cause cause soil and vegetation damage (pugging) in wetlands. Sometimes, some cattle may be used in these for a short period to help control weeds. Forest administrators follow the guidelines set out in a document titled Riverina Grazing Strategy, copies of which can be obtained through Forestry NSW (a division of the NSW Department of Primary Industries).
Some of the exclosures are areas which have been fenced to protect certain plants (e.g. Banksia) or animals (e.g. Gilbert Whistler). As is the case with cattle, logging and vehicles are not normally permitted in exclosures.
The VEAC draft proposals report proposes that cattle grazing not be permitted in Victoria in the proposed Barmah Forest National Park.
In Victoria, cattle are removed from the forest in autumn. 'The Barmah Muster' is held in autumn and attracts many tourists. The VEAC draft recommendations set aside some land near the Dharnya Centre so the Muster to continue.
According to research evidence, to help control weeds and to promote the growth of indigenous grasses, grazing is best done between easter and late July provided, however, the soil is dry. Cattle should not be resent over spring and summer when indigenous grasses are flowering and setting seed. If and when it is appropriate to graze an area, sheep, being lighter, may be more appropriate insofar as they cause less damage. At Terrick Terrick National Park, sheep are used as an ecological control to reduce weeds and to maintain suitable conditions for the endangered Plains-wanderer. There is a case for ecological grazing being used in Barmah-Millewa Forest.
Some argue that the cattle reduce the "fuel" on the forest floor and lessen the danger of fires. Others argue that cattle grazing may increase the fire risk by spreading weeds and by promoting the spread of woody weeds and less palatable plants such as rushes. Cattle prefer to eat the most palatable plants and these may therefore become less common. For example, reeds are more common along streams where grazing has not occurred often e.g. the town side of Gulpa Creek at Mathoura.
A nasty fire in the Top End in December 2006 occurred in an area where cattle had grazed the less flammable indigenous grasses but promoted the spread of highly inflammable rushes. According to fire fighters, the intensity of the fire in the rush beds was virtually beyond belief, even in beds that were flooded to help control the fire. Someone should have told the cattle to eat the inflammable rush and leave the less flammable grasses! So bang goes that argument. Cattle can actually increase the fire risk!
A cow grazes in forest of the Top End after the 2006 fire (K Stockwell)Prolonged drought conditions may have contributed to the severity of recent fires, the causes of which appear suspicious. An unattended camp fire may have been to blame or the campers may have deliberately ignited the fire. Camp fires (using solid fuel such as wood) are banned in the NSW side of the forest over summer and the VEAC draft report recommends they also be banned on the Victorian side of the Murray River.
There are other ways of reducing the fire risk, e.g. cold burns in winter.
Owing to severe drought conditions, cattle were removed from the forest by mid 2007 and, at the time of writing, had not been permitted back.
At Kinnairds Wetland, weeds are cut before they flower and are baled for hay. Perhaps, in places, this could be done in Barmah-Millewa forest.
There is no doubt that cattle grazing reduces plant diversity. When cattle are removed from an area, plants which have not been common may become more common. At Terrick Terrick, some old trees and shrubs not common in the park grow near the cemetery. Since cattle grazing ceased, many young specimens of these plants have appeared and are growing well. There are no specimens of intermediate age: in all probability, the cattle ate them.
Cattle cause major damage on sand ridges where they not only prevent the regeneration of banksias, hop bushes and wattles but may destroy the nesting tunnels of Rainbow Bee-eaters.
They also cause problems in reed bed swamps, pugging the soil and reducing the vegetation cover.
If cattle are allowed to graze when the soil is wet, pugging occurs.
Pug marks at the edge of Hut Lake (K Stockwell)Some (e.g. local botanist Howie Marshall) argues that 'pugging' (marks made in mud by cattle hooves) helps provide suitable habitat for certain indigenous plants. Others argue that pugging compacts the soil and damages the environment.
Cracking soil is good but are the pug marks bad? (K Stockwell)Although many argue that pugging is bad, most ecologists agree that soil cracking is essential. Drying wetland beds consolidate and aerate sediments, alter the phys-chemical properties, and may serve to strengthen macrophyte communities upon re-wetting. If a wetland is to be a good food source for wildlife when it next floods, a drying and cracking stage is desirable.
Giant Rush is an indigenous species that is, unfortunately, taking over too much of the rich biodiversity of the Moira Grass Plains. Unfortunately, cattle avoid eating it.
In places, cattle damage the river banks and eat out reeds which, when present, help prevent bank erosion. There is a growing realisation that cattle should be excluded from such areas and, in places, fencing has been erected to protect sensitive areas, e.g. on sandy areas along Picnic Point Road, along Millewa (Aratula) Road, along Tea Tree Road and along Langmans Road in Gulpa Island. Recently, the Reed Beds and Moira Lake have been fenced off. The number of cattle which can be grazed under lease has been reduced significantly over recent years and more power given to land managers.
Cattle alongside the Murray River in Barmah State Park (K Stockwell)Cattle grazing is bad news for birds such as robins which feed low in the forest. These birds need cover and perches. But the cattle tend to eat the lower branches of saplings and break off many of the twigs which would otherwise serve as perches.
Some argue that a cost-benefit analysis should be undertaken, comparing the benefits from grazing (income from license fees, weed control, etc) with the costs (increase in non-palatable grasses, reduction in incidence of palatable species, reduction in the diversity of vegetation, pugging, administrative costs, damage to river banks, spread of weeds, etc).
On balance, cattle probably do more harm than good. Excluding them from the forest is probably a good thing environmentally. Nonetheless, there may be times and areas where grazing is desirable, e.g. to maintain optimal conditions for Bush Stone Curlews or to help control weeds. To promote native grasses and help control weeds, it may be best if cattle grazing is limited to certain areas and to dry periods in winter. The VEAC report recognizes that there is a case for environmental grazing.
Timber harvesting
Forestry directly and indirectly employs hundreds of people, especially in the Barmah-Koondrook area. Value-adding is becoming increasingly important and magnificent furniture is being made from red gum. An expensive laminating plant has been installed at Barham. Red Gum veneer can be used for flooring and wall panels as well as for table tops and in furniture construction. Fine quality red gum furniture is sold in Koondrook and in Echuca.Although it is claimed that logging is becoming increasingly conservative, the extent of logging seems to have been cranked up a few notches over recent years. Old trees unsuitable for forestry are no longer being ring barked: in face, habitat trees are retained in forestry coups. Foresters claim that only a small percentage of the forest is logged each year (there is a 20-year cycle) and only a fraction of the trees (as low as 20%) in each coupe are logged.
Some claim that over-logging is still occurring and some spots of high ornithological significance have been logged recently, e.g. an area alongside the Langmans Sandhill Exclosure on Gulpa Island, a spot where Gilberts Whistler, Superb Parrot, Diamond Firetail, White-browed Babbler and Brown Treecreeper have been often recorded.
Red Gum is susceptible to fire, relying on flooding for regeneration.
Most of the timber extracted from the forest is used for firewood or garden chips. Much of the firewood and chips are produced from forest residues, from thinning operations and from trees damaged by fire. Some are critical of the amount of firewood taken from the forest. Most of the firewood goes to Melbourne and provincial cities. Some argue that, because smoke contaminates the atmosphere and adds to greenhouse gases, wood fires should no longer be permitted. Smoke from wood fires causes some distress in the neighbourhood, especially to those with respiratory problems. Gas fires cause less greenhouse pollution and are unlikely to diminish the air quality of neighbours.
In order to collect or cut wood from the forest, a permit is necessary. Two chaps were recently fined around $3,600 for cutting firewood without a permit. The law is enforced, rangers and police patrolling the forest and manning entrance points at times.
In view of the low annual average rainfall of this area, Red Gum requires periodic flooding. Much of the forest has not received sufficient water over recent years. In parts of the forest, the trees are stressed and therefore subject to insect attack, placing their future value as timber trees at risk. It is in the interest of foresters that areas of red gum forest receive 'floodwaters' from time to time.
VEAC's draft report recommends that forestry be excluded from the proposed Barmah National Park but notes that there is a case for environmental thinning. Such timber could be available for sale as firewood to help defray the cost of the thinning. VEAC has recommended that, because of the importance of the timber industry to Barham-Koondrook, forestry be allowed in forest areas near Barham-Koondrrook.
Indigenous occupants
Several Koori tribes, including the Bangerang, inhabited the area for thousands of years. Collectively, local tribes form Yorta Yorta nations. Many indigenous persons reside in the area.Yorta Yorta found an abundance of food in the area. Until recently, they operated the Dharnya Centre, a cultural and educational centre, along the Sandridge Road near the turnoff to Barmah Lake. The centre has been closed owing to termite damage. Hopefully the centre will be revamped and reopened sometime fairly soon.
Some cultural or sacred sites have been fenced off, e.g. areas with middens (piles of shells marking camping sites).
One fenced site of significance is Garradha Molwa (Bucks Sandhill). This sandhill is badly degraded and in need of revegetation to restore its cover of indigenous trees, shrubs, herbs, lillies and grasses.
Some trees bear evidence that a bark bowl (coolamon), bark shield or bark canoe has been cut from them. Such trees are referred to as Coolamon Trees. One is sign-posted near the southern end of Gulpa Creek Road. A road in Moira Forest which runs roughly parallel to the Cobb Highway is called Coolamon Road.
Attempts are being made to involve indigenous persons in the administration of the forest. At this stage, various aboriginal groups have been approached to help determine whether or not they wish to be involved in the process. Progress is being made and the VEAC Report recommends indigenous co-management of the proposed Barmah National Park.
Management
To co-ordinate water and help manage the forest, a cross-border body, the Barmah-Millewa Forum was established. This forum included representatives from government and non-government bodies from both sides of the river, e.g. Parks Victoria, Forestry Commission of NSW, Murray-Goulburn Water, Shire of Murray, Bird Observers Club, Barmah Protection League, Forest Users Group, irrigators. Some criticised the Forum, saying that cattle, irrigation and forestry interests are over-represented. But the Forum served a worthwhile purpose and helped managed the forest as a whole, with representatives of groups from both sides of the State border. The Forum was financed by the Murray-Darling Commission. In recent years, the Forum studied flooding patterns and installed regulators and levee banks so that pre-1799 flooding patterns could be simulated.Under the Living Murray Initiative, the Ministerial Council designated the Barmah-Millewa Forest as one of six icon sites in the Murray-Darling Basin which was in need of protection. The Murray itself is another of the six 'sites'. Associated with the Living Murray initiative, the Forum has been replaced by a new structure (see below).
Management of Barmah-Millewa Forest
The forest straddles the border of NSW and Victoria. Under The Living Murray Agreement, a cross-border liaison body, the Barmah-Millewa Forum was scrapped. A new structure was set up.Early in 2007, the Australian government asked the States for permission to 'take over' the Murray-Darling Basin. NSW, Queensland and South Australia signed off on the proposal but Victoria did not do so until March 2008. The agreement may impact on the structure which is outlined below.
There is Barmah site manager and a Millewa site manager. These managers take turns at acting as a Chief Site Manager. A Project Officer was employed to assist the site managers. Unfortunately the project officer position has been vacant since the end of 2007.
They are assisted by a Co-ordinating Committee, a Technical Advisory Committee and the Barmah-Millewa Consultative Reference Group. Indigenous representation is being organised.
Co-ordinating Committee. The Co-ordinating Committee's main function is to assist the asset manager to develop and implement cross-border consultation process and to develop an asset environmental management plan (AEMP). Other functions are:
• to co-ordinate the Project Officer
• to assist with reporting requirementsMembers of the CC:
• Lead Asset Manager (alternating between Forestry NSW and DSE Victoria) (Chair)
• Alternative Asset Manager
• Murray CMA representative
• Goulburn Broken CMA representative
• Victorian Department of Primary Industry (DPI) representative
• Victorian Department of Environment and Sustainability (DSE) representative
• Commonwealth Department of Environment and Heritage (DEH) representative
• Parks Victoria representative
• NSW Department of Infrastructure, Planning and Natural Resources representative
• MDBC/River Murray Water representative
• two members of the Barmah-Millewa Asset Consultation Reference Group
• plus the Project OfficerThe Co-ordinating Committee would be likely to meet at least twice per year, in March to review the asset environment management plan (AEMP), and in October, which coincides with environmental water allocation releases.
Technical Advisory Committee. The Technical Advisory Committee meets as required and provides technical advice, preparing annual environment management plans (AEMP) and annual reports and would oversee implementation of the AEMP (water application, environmental works). The Technical Advisory Group comprises representatives of Forestry NSW, DSE, Parks Victoria, Murray CMA, Goulburn Broken CMA, DNR, Goulburn Murray Water and experts, e.g. scientist from the Arthur Rylah Institute.
Asset Consultation Reference Group. The Asset Consultation Reference group is to provide community input into developing and implementing the Asset Environmental Management Plan. Membership is by application and is limited to about 18 persons.
Indigenous Engagement. Indigenous persons are to be included in water planning and management as per current respective jurisdictional protocols. In NSW, since 1983, there have been local and regional Land Councils and these will have a role. In Victoria, it is expected that Indigenous engagement would involve the recent Yorta Yorta Joint Management Agreement. Kevin Ritchie, the Victorian Barmah-Millewa Asset Manager, sits on the Yorta Yorta Joint Management Body and provides an added link with the Victorian Government agreement with the Yorta Yorta nations. A person has been appointed by the CMAs to liaise with indigenous persons. It is expected that there will be indigenous representation on each of the six icon CRGs.
(By March 2008, the indigenous representative committee had still not, to the best of my knowledge, been formed owing to difficulties deciding upon the composition of the group, difficulties finding persons prepared to sit on the committee, and the fact that the project officer position has been vacant. Webmeister).
It is the duty of the committees to prepare operating water plans. Community input is allowed for. Meetings of interested persons are to be convened in Nathalia, Mathoura and Echuca-Moama on 28th and 29th March 2007, just prior to the Easter school holidays. The sessions will feature an interesting Powerpoint presentation on the history of the forest and the impact of the environmental water release over 2005-06. See the Murray Shire newsletter (The Enterprise) and the Riverine Herald for details.
Source: the above was based on Barmah-Millewa Forum meeting address by Mike Thompson 2004. The outline has been amended to accord with subsequent developments. E. & O.E.
Some argue that the entire Barmah-Millewa Forest ~ not just the Victorian section ~ should be a national park. Whatever the outcome, the entire Barmah-Millewa forest should be managed even better than it has in the past. First and foremost, more water is needed to flood parts of the forest over Spring. The good thing about the NSW exclosures and Moira Flora Reserve is that they are reasonably well-managed by local employees of the Forestry NSW, both long-serving staff and younger locals, who between them have a wealth of experience and local knowledge which must not be lost if and when the forest is given national park status. The present 'exclosures' on the NSW side of the Murray are effectively national parks insofar as forestry, fishing, vehicles and grazing are excluded and insofar as restoration work is well under way and nearing completion. Prolonged drought has, however, had an adverse impact upon the vegetation and wildlife.
Map references: Mathoura 1:50,000 and Strathmerton 1:50,000 (Central mapping Authority of New South Wales). Forestry Commission (Victoria) maps are apparently no longer available. A new map of the forest, covering both sides of the Murray, was prepared by the Barmah-Millewa Forum which was dissolved in 2005 but, unfortunately, the map does not appear to be on sale to the public.
Here are some more notes about the forest.
News
Barmah-Millewa Wetlands dry out
As most of the storages along the Murray and its tributaries contain little water, it is unlikely that environmental water will be released in the foreseeable future. It is hoped, however, that environmental water can be released into a few small wetlands so that they can act as drought refuges for native fish and waterbirds.Reports suggest that there will be no further releases of water from Jindabyne and, if substantial rains do not fall soon, that the Murray could cease flowing later this year. If it was not for storages, the Murray would, by now, be reduced to a chain of waterholes.
The Murray is still flowing strongly downstream of Yarrawonga at the moment (January 2007), with much of the water destined for Adelaide. But wetlands have either been drained or allowed to dry out.
Almost all of the wetland areas in the Barmah-Millewa Forest are dry. The Reed Beds near Picnic Point (southern Riverina) have been dry for several months. Even 'permanent' wetlands such as Hut Lake in Barmah Forest, have now dried out. Permanent wetlands provide a drought refuge for both native fish and birds.
An interesting email report ~ which was written by Keith Ward last month ~ has been received, outlining the effects of drought on wetlands of the Barmah-Millewa Forest.
Having mentioned that a major drought refuge, Hut Lake, had all but dried out, Keith Ward states:
"Fortunately it is not all doom and gloom. The drying bed will consolidate and aerate the sediments, alter the phys-chemical properties, and may serve to strengthen macrophyte communities upon re-wetting. Giant Rush, an indigenous species that is, unfortunately, taking over too much of the rich biodiversity of the Moira Grass Plains, will not find the conditions favourable. This is a good thing."
It sure is, provided waterbirds can survive until these wetlands receive water. Some appear to have moved to northern Australia or into town lagoons, some are finding a refuge in sewage farms (i.e. waste water treatment facilities) whilst many may have perished. According to a report on the ABC news, a recent aerial waterbird survey recorded record low numbers.
In order to provide a rich source of food for water birds, wetlands need to dry out at times. So, when the wetlands next receive water, there should be lots of food for waders and other waterbirds. But Keith Ward points out a paradox:
"the drought paradoxically often means that parts of the Barmah wetlands get wet. No, this is not a typo - just a consequence of the Murray River being run too high in the quest of river managers' attempt to deliver as much water as possible through the Barmah Choke (a natural constriction within the river channel). The Giant Rush stands in those wetlands are in complete heaven, and their advancement this year will now be about the last nail in the proverbial coffin for many Moira Grass plains. This is definitely not a good thing."
Before irrigation, the Murray usually flooded the Moira Grass plains in spring,drowning and killing any young Red Gum saplings which had germinated since the last flood. With river regulation, flooding is less frequent and the floods are lower, so the area of Moira Grass plain has contracted, Red Gum saplings taking over. Most of the Moira Grass plains have been lost. Obviously, the loss of this habitat has had an effect on the makeup of the local bird population. Some birds have suffered, e.g. Brolgas, seed-eaters, whereas others have benefited, e.g. White-plumed Honeyeaters, nectar feeders. Anyway, Keith Ward continues,
"But it gets more interesting - What isn't wet or dry has been burnt. A large fire that begun in mid-October, under suspicious circumstances, burnt about 800 ha of Redgum-rushland wetland system (pictures not included here). Approximately 300 ML of water was diverted from the Murray River to successfully douse some difficult to reach hot spots, however the fire continues to re-ignite elsewhere from subterranean sources (i.e., is smouldering along roots until it re-surfaces in an adjoining tree). So much for the 'grazing reduces blazing' adage being exposed by those with a vested interest. Someone should have told the cattle that they need to eat the unpalatable rush instead of facilitating the spread of it. The flammability of the material, according to the fire-fighters, was practically beyond belief!
"Despite this, the fire has actually provided a unique opportunity to reduce the Giant Rush biomass. If we were now only to get some deep and long duration flooding, then the Moira Grass may have the opportunity to re-dominate. But like any good thriller, we now have a new surprise contender - Arrowhead. This introduced species is rapidly taking over vast areas of wetlands and water supply systems throughout north-eastern and north-central Victoria, including Barmah. It prefers shallowly flooded open systems, and has so far failed to colonise Top Island because of the Giant Rush. But with the rush now out of the way, and Arrowhead choking every waterway leading into the wetland, conditions are now set to enable this species to take over when the river next rises."
Arrowhead: a major threat (K Stockwell)Comment: Forest managers are particularly alarmed at the rapid spread of Arrowhead and are finding it difficult to obtain the necessary permission to use chemical sprays. The EPA of NSW prefers hand weeding but this is not practical. Unfortunately, Arrowhead is only one of several invasive water weeds threatening the Murray system (see 'weeds'). Mr Ward's comments were forwarded through an intermediary.
Subsequent to Mr Ward writing his comments, the prime minister has announced that engineering works are to be carried out to solve the problem of 'Barmah Choke'. Any engineering works carried out to by-pass 'The Choke' need to be carefully thought out so that they do not become a white elephant. It must be remembered that the Murray River is capable of flowing backwards in this area and that the very existence of the wetlands depends upon the capacity of The Narrows ('The Barmah Choke') being exceeded in late winter and spring. About 90% of the water which floods the wetlands will eventually drain back into the Murray. As Mr Ward's article makes clear, a drying phase is desirable over late summer and autumn. So if any by-pass is constructed, ideally it would only be used over late summer and autumn, thereby allowing the wetlands to dry out. The by-pass would need to be long so that the water does not simply flow 'backwards' up the Murray and into the forest over summer and autumn. K Stockwell, webmeister, January 2007.
Cattle ordered out of Barmah-Millewa
Because of the damage cattle are causing to dry wetlands during the present prolonged drought, chief icon site manager for Barmah-Millewa Forest, Kevin Ritchie, has asked graziers to remove all cattle from the Barmah-Millewa Forest by the end of January. Kevin's decision has been backed by several conservation groups, including the Victorian National Parks Association. Cattle licensees are disappointed insofar as this year's Barmah Muster, an event which usually attracts hundreds of visitors to the area, appears likely to be brought forward. Cattle have already been withdrawn from forests downstream of Barmah-Millewa, including Gunbower Island. There are reports that some cattle graziers have protested against the decision. At least one local MP has supported the protesters ~ did he first tour the forest with the forest manager or a professional ecologist to study the extent of the problem through their eyes? January 2007.* Cattle owners who removed their cattle from Barmah Forest earlier than usual in 2007 were compensated. Cattle are still excluded from the forest because of drought conditions. April 2008. Ed.
Supporters of cattle grazing protesting against the site manager's decision. (N Roberts)
Potential threats to Barmah-Millewa Forest
Potential threats include:
- inappropriate water management (quality, frequency, season, duration)
- inappropriate timber harvesting (e.g. reducing the number of old habitat trees, allowing stumps to resprout as multiple-stemmed trees, over-logging, failing to retain strong saplings which can become future timber and/or habitat trees, destroying shrubs and ground layer)
- inappropriate grazing management (erosion of banks, changed vegetation mix, weeds, summer grazing, grazing damaging wet soils)
- fires (Red Gum does not respond well to fire but depends upon flooding for regeneration)
- weeds (e.g. Arrowhead, Basket Willow, thistles) and further encroachment on wetlands by Giant Rush and Red Gum
Arrowhead: a major threat (K Stockwell)
- feral animals (e.g. rabbits, brumbies, pigs)
- environmental vandalism
Damage at the site of Murrays Mill caused by hoon drivers.
The area has been a feeding area for several robin species each winter
but robins abandoned the site on the day when this damage occurred
and were not been sighted there for the remainder of the 2007 winter.
(K Stockwell)
- barriers to fish movement (e.g. weirs and regulators which lack fish ladders prevent fish movement along waterways)
- barriers to water movement
Barmah Millewa Forest
Northern Victoria & Southern Riverina Conservation and Environment Site
Section 1: Conservation News Section 5: Photo Gallery Section 2: Bushwalking Section 6: Bushland Reserves Section 3: Birding Section 7: Animals Section 4: Local Plants Section 8: Conservation Links