Many environmental problems face us today. Some species are facing extinction. The build up of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere appears to be affecting climate and weather, with more extreme events like wildfires, hurricanes, wind storms, prolonged droughts, reduced rainfall, floods and temperature extremes. Bushland is still being lost to development. Weeds are proliferating. Pest species are of increasing concern.
This site aims to help us better understand the environment of northern Victoria and southern NSW. Armed with better knowledge, we are better able to assess the problems and make better decisions. A lot of good work is being done to redress some of the environmental damage. One aim is to highlight some of the great work being done by individuals, groups and governments.
There are sections on birding, indigenous plants, bushwalking, parks and reserves and more. This page mentions recent developments. It is linked to a blog page which addresses various issues.
Issues
Should the Barmah-Millewa forest be a national park?
Conservation news
Northern Victoria and Southern Riverina NSW
The news items appearing here are sourced from personal observations, newspaper articles, telephone calls, seminars, press releases, word of mouth, radio and TV news items, browsing the Internet, etc. The webmeister thanks those individuals or groups who have supplied photos and information. Many items from previous years have been deleted.
Conservation News
Walking Trail opened
With the support of NSW Murray Wetlands Working Group, Restdown Winery owners Jo and Don Hearn have constructed a 1.4km walking circuit from the winery beside a former river, which is now an ephemeral wetland, andthrough a vafriety of vegetation types, including Black Box grassy woodland. The trail was officially opened on 26th April 2009. Restdown is located off Jungle Lane Bunnaloo. Many farmers in the area, including the Hearns, are conservation-minded and have worked hard to restore degraded land and have planted thousands of indigenous plants. In particular, thousands of saltbush plants have been planted along the salt-affected Green Gully, a previous course of the Murray River.
I attended the opening. KS. April 2009.
Restoration of Tang Tang Swamp
The Northern United Farm Forestry Group has applied for a federal 'Caring for country' grant to rehabilitate Tang ATang Swamp.
This wetland, which is located south of Terrick Terrick National Park and east of the township of Dinghee, used to be an important feeding area for Brolgasand water bird. It is presentlyiin a degraded condition .The gkroup has already helped restore much land at Kamarooka, north of Bendigo, and some of its members have agro-forestry plantations on their own farms. April 2009
New Barmah-Millewa CRG
Replacing the original group, a new Barmah-Millewa Commmunity Consultative Group has been formed. With fewer members than the previous group, the new group is to meet several times a year to provide advice to forest managers, especially with regard to environmental watering issues.
I am a member of the new CRG. KS. April 2009.
Rejuvenation of Gunbower-Koondrook-Perricoota Forest
Several schemes are under way to improve the health of wetlands in the Gunbower-Koondrook-Perricoota Forest which is located astride the Murray River downstream of Echuca-Moama.A $600,000 project is proposed to enable environmental water to more efficiently and effectively reach wetlands of the Perricoota Forest. The scheme involves the construction of an irrigation channel from Torrumbarry Weir. Some levee banks will be rebuilt and some new levee banks constructed so that floodwards are less likely to spill over onto adjoining privately-owned land which adjoins the forest. A large private property at the Moama end of the forest has been purchased and part of it incorporated into the Perricoota State Forest.
A project is under way to fence sections of Gunbower Creek where public land abuts private property .Because there has been some encroachment upon public land, some existing fences will be demolished and new ones built on the correct property lines. It is hoped that fences will stop cattle from grazing right up to the edge of the creek, therby reducing pollution. Areas of degraded vegetation is likely to recover as a result of nagtural regenerate and tree planting. Rubbish is to be removed and improvements are to be made to a weir to facilitate the passage of native fish.
Environmental water has been released into Black Swamp and adjoining areas of Gunbower Island State Forest.
A pipeline has been constructed to allow the passage of water from The Murray River into Richardson's (Baillieu's) Lagoon near Torrumbarry This lagoon was previously fed by a creek which carried irrigation runoff, water which was polluted with farm fertilisers and cattle waste, resulting in a polluted lagoon with large numbers of exotic carp. The pipeline has a mesh filter to prevent the passage of large carp into the lagoon. The lagoon will continue to be allowed to dry out from time to time as was the case before 'river reguloation'.
Furthermore, parts of Gunbower Island have been declared 'national park'. The Victorian government has promised to increase the number of park rangers to better manage this public land. Lumbering will continue to be permitted under licence on much of the remaining public land. Because of the environmental damage it causes, cattle grazing will not be permitted in the national park or, apart from special environmental reasons, on public land.
April 2009.
Brown Honeyeater observed in Kamarooka
The sighting of a Brown Honeyeater in Kamarooka Forest is the first official sighting of the species in Victoria. The sighting was alongside the distillery dams alongside Campbells Road. An area nhear the dams was burnt last year by DSE to 'reduce the fuel load' and a further burn is planned for this year (2009). Local conservation groups have objected to fuel reduction burns in this area and in other parts of the Greater Bendigo National Park which they regarde as drought refuge areas for plants and wildlife, including bush birds. Delegates have met with DSE Bendigo to discuss their concerns.
I was part of the delegation. KS. April 2009
Bush Tender Scheme
Landholders in part of north-central Victoria may be eligible to register an interest in the Northern Plains Bush Tender Scheme.Landholders in an area bordered by Kerang, Durham Ox and Rochester (including Pyramid Hill, Milloo and Gunbower) can tender for funds to enable them to protect indigenous vegetation, including native grassland.
In return for funding, successful applicants are required to tackle weeds and pests, establish stock-proof fencing and plant indigenous plants on their land. Up to a million dollars may be paid out over the next five years.
To register, contact the Department of Sustainability and Environment on 136 186 or visit www.dse.vic.gov.au/nativevegetation
A similar scheme has operated in southern NSW for the past few years.Source: based on newspaper report. March 2009.
Victorian government announces support for reserves
The Victorian government has announced that it will introduce legislation to create a number of national parks, nature conservation reserves and wildlife areas along the Murray River. Most of the recommendations of the VEAC enquiry into red gum wetlands have been accepted. Some of the recommendations were modified as a result of a review by a ministerial panel.New national parks will be created in Barmah Forest, on Gunbower Island and along the Goulburn River. Some existing national parks, including Terrick Terrick National Park, will be increased in are.
However, the idea of a Kerang Lakes national park has been axed. Also, most of the Kanyapella Basin will become a wildlife area rather than a national park as recommended by VEAC. A wildlife area is one in which duck shooting may be permitted from time to time. Whilst some conservation-minded people are disappointed that Kanyapella will not be national park, they welcome the decision to allow the present advisory management commitee to continue (for the time-being at least).
To help alleviate opposition to national parks, the government has decided to allow camping and camp fires in Barmah National Park. Camping with horses will also be permitted. An area has also been set aside for firewood collection. Cattle grazing and timber getting will not be allowed in the new national parks and NCRs.
Some forest areas will continue to be classed as State Forests in which timber-getting will be allowed under license.
Note: camp fires are not permitted in NSW State Forests and reserves of the area over summer. The Shire of Murray has also imposed a ban on camp fires. February 2009
Crew works to improve environment
Bushland areas in the Echuca district have benefited from the Drought Employment Programme (DEP). One of the projects carried out has been the erection of bird nesting boxes on Gunbower Island. Other tasks carried out included the erection of signs, the construction of fences to protect remnant indigenous vegetation, the removal/repair of old fences, the removal of barbed wire from the top of some fences, rubbish removal and the construction and erection of picnic tables. Crews comprises farmers and others affected by prolonged drought associated with climate change. July 2008.
Aquatic wetland to contribute to Moama's water supply
A newly created wetland with about 38,000 plants is expected to contribute about 50 megalitres of water a year to Moama's raw water supply system each year. The wetland north of Nicholas Drive will take storm water from the estate and filter it before it is added to the town's water supply. The project cost about $215,000. June 2008
Wildlife corridor to link Bendigo bushland to the Murray River
Campapse Shire has funding to help create a wildlife corridor between the Kamarooka Forest (which is located north of Bendigo) and the Murray River. The location of the corridor has yet to be finalised. June 2008
Murray mouth's ecosystem faces immediate catastrophe
A report into the environmental health of the lower reaches of the Murray-Darling river system was leaked to the media in mid June 2008, about a month after it had been received by politicians. The report warns that the Coorong, Lake Alexandrina, Lake Albert and the mouth of the Murray River will be irreversibly damaged unless environmental flows are restored or rainfall increases dramatically by October this year (2008).The Murray-Darling Basin Ministerial Council, which comprises State and Australian conservation ministers, appears to have ignored the dire warnings of the report, deciding not to meet until after the October deadline. A spokesperson for the Australian Conservation Foundation told reporters that the Council 'effectively made a decision to let the lower lakes and the Coorong go by refusing to take action in the six month window of opportunity identified by the scientists'.
Furore following the leak may be sparking some action. Ministers have asked their departments to start crunching some numbers on what might be done to avert the catastrophe.
The ACF spokesperson claims that State water ministers in conjunction with the Federal Water Minister must find 400 gigalitres, mostly from the Darling system, and get it onto the Lower Lakes and Coorong almost immediately, e.g. by buying water off willing sellers, mostly cotton growers, and by obtaining water from storages along the Darling and other rivers in the basin. Because international cotton prices are so low, there may besome growers who would prefer to sell their water for environmental purposes this year than grow cotton. But relatively little water is in storages: management options are limited.
It's not just the Lower Murray that's in trouble: rivers, farms and ecosystems throughout the Murray-Darling basin are in crisis owing to prolonged drought associated with climate change and the over-allocation of water for irrigation.
A audit of the Murray-Darling Basin, the results of which were released in June 2008, confirmed that most of the basin's rivers are in a poor condition. The Goulburn River, which flows into the Murray upstream of Echuca, was the least healthy. Another river which flows into the Murray at Echuca, The Campaspe, was also rated as one of the worst. The Paroo River, which flows through Eulo in southern Queensland, was the only tributary found to be in good condition!
The price charged for water in the cities and for irrigation may need to increase substantially. Currently businesses pay $1.10 per kilolitre and individuals pay $1.76. As a result businesses have little or no incentive to conserve it. Billions of dollars have beenwiped off the value of residential real estate because of dying gardens.
Annual inflows into the Murray River during the first half of the twentieth century were below the long-term median of 9,000 gigalitres a year. From 1950 to 2002 the average inflows were above the median. The past few years have been drought years and, because of climate change, inflows are expected to remain low in years to come.
AustraliaÕs dairy industry is one of the biggest users of water but the value added is relatively low when compared to the value-added by rice and by horticultural crops. To save the river system, it may benecessary to cut down on the production of export products which use a lot of the water, e.g. dairying and cotton.
Any sustainable scheme to save the Murray must allow the river system ~ the environnment ~ to obtain a sufficient share of the water. This requires money and political courage. And we should remember that most (over 90%) of the environmental water released into places like the Barmah-Millewa Forest will eventually drain back into the river system and, if not used for irrigation and town supplies, will find its way into the Lower Murray ecosystem. Extracted from various newspaper reports and Internet news sites. June 2008
* Heads of government met early in July 2008 but failed to take immediate action to address the crisis.
Irrigation water supply projects to reduce water loss
About two billion dollars is being expended to reduce water loss in the Goulburn Valley. Many earthen channels are being lined and others are being replaced with pipelines. Lake Makoan is being decommissioned. The water saved wil be made available to irrigators and wetlands, and some may be piped to Melbourne. Many locals and politicians are opposed to some of the saved water being piped to Melbourne even though the pipe may be capable of carrying water in the reverse direction, e.g. from a proposed desalinization plant to the Goulburn Valley. With climate change resulting in reduced rainfall in the valley, and with irrigators receiving only a fraction of their water 'entitlements', opposition to water being taken from the Goulburn River (the least healthy of all rivers in the Murray-Darling Basin) via proposed north-south pipeline is understandable. A protest rally early in June drew much media attention. June 2008Postscript: construction of the controversial pipeline is now well under way. It is unlikely that any water will be conveyed in the reverse direction, i.e. from south to the Goulburn. A second (but smaller) pipeline from the Goulburn River to the Broadford area has already been completed. Another pipeline has been constructed to help supply water to Bendigo and Ballarat. Little work has been carried out on the desalinisation plant and the government is reported (in newspapers) to be finding it hard to obtain sufficient private equity funding. The water-savings from irrigation works may not be as great as claimed by some insofar as much of the water lost to seepage finds its way back into the river system. March 2009.
Environmental water for some Murray Valley wetlands
17 gigalitres of environmental water has been released into some wetland areas fed by the Murray and Goulburn rivers. Some of the wetland areas which freceived water are on Gunbower Island. Other wetlands to benefit include Reedy Swamp in Shepparton, Kinnairds Wetland in Numurkah, Black Swamp at Wunghu, Black Swamp on Gunbower Island, Moodie Swamp near Shepparton, Little Lake Boort and the Lindsay-Walpolla wetlands on the Victoria/SA border. Much of the water will eventually drain back into the river system with downstream benefits. When Barmah-Millewa wetlands received environmental water about three years ago, about 96% of the water drained back into the river system (according to DSE). May 2008.
Reedy Swamp, Shepparton (late May 2008) ~ recipient of environmental water (K Stockwell)Update: Some additional environmental water has been released to top up Reedy Swamp, Shepparton (shown above). Reddy Swamp is an important drought refuge for water birds. Local sewage treatment works are also important drought refuges. Funding has been obtained for water conservation measures on Gunbower Island. March 2009.
Greenhouse offset scheme may benefit Terricks
The Department of Sustainability and Environment (DSE) has received an offer to revegetate about 150 hectares of degraded land within Terrick Terrick National Park. The cost of revegetating parts of Ferris and Riegal paddocks is estimated to be around $250,000 and will be met using greenhouse gas offset monies. Infested with weeds, both paddocks have been ploughed and grazed in the past. Areas where indigenous grasses and shrubs have 'come back well' will not be affected. DSE has offered to help prepare the soil and has ensured that there are negotiations with Parks Victoria, Friends of Terrick Terrick National Park and representatives of the traditional owners. Any works must comply with the Park's Management Plan and should not impinge on grasslands used by the endangered Plains-wanderer.If the offer is acceptable to Parks Victoria and DSE, and if the funding becomes available, DSE hopes that work can commence before the autumn break either this year or next. A conservation-minded organisation (believed to be 'GreenFleet') is offering the funding.
The Friends group, the park grazing manager and the park ranger have suggested that provision be made for ongoing management (weed and pest control) of the revegetated area. Parks Victoria has insufficient resources for this.
In addition, work has commenced on a wildlife corridor across private land to link the main area of forest in the Park to Bendigo Creek in the east and Bullock Creek in the west. March 2008
Update: much of the work planned for Terricks has now been completed. March 2009.
Stubble Quail population crashes
Anecdotal evidence suggests that the population of Stubble Quail has crashed in northern Victoria and southern (Riverina) NSW. Members of Echuca and District BOCA have not recorded even a single Stubble Quail in the region during recent surveys. The prolonged drought (now into its 14th year) and habitat lass appear to be partly or entirely responsible for the population crash. Some are calling for quail hunting to be banned at least until numbers recover. Continued hunting could render quail species locally extinct. March 2008.Update: the Victorian government has yet to ban quail hunting. Furthermore, duck shooting season will be allowed from mid March 2009 despite the prolonged drought which has affected the region and caused most local wetlands to completely dry out. March 2009
Smoke from Moira Forest fire blankets a wide area
In mid February a fire ~ the cause of which is 'suspicious' ~ broke out in Moira forest alongside Coolamon Road (at the foot of the fault line and not far from the Cobb Highway). Over 100 hectares was burnt. Smoke from the fire blanketed Echuca-Moama and drifted south to engulf parts of Melbourne. Red Gum does not respond well to fire; many of the affected trees may not recover. It is fortunate that the fire was controlled before it spread through a wide area. February 2008.Update: the region was spared from bad bush fires this summer. However, terrible fires occurred in areas to gthe south and wouth-east. Over 200 people perished, thousands of homes were destroyed thousands of hectares of farmland and forest was burnt and millions of native animals are believed to have perished. March 2009.
Duck season cancelled in Victoria
The Victorian Government has announced that there will not be a 2008 duck killing season in 2008. Because of drought conditions and habitat loss, waterbird numbers have fallen significantly throughout most of Victoria over the past few years. December 2007.
Lake Makoan to become a swamp
The Victorian Government has decided that Lake Makoan will be converted into a wetland of international significance. Lake Makoan has been a shallow storage which has lost much of its water to evaporation. A significant amount of water ~ up to 50,000 MG ~ which would have been lost to evaporation is expected to be saved. Authorities claim that amount of water lost to evaporation from the lake each year was about a tenth of Melbourne's annual water consumption! A Goulburn Valley Environment Group spokesperson, Doug Robinson, expects that the area could now become a world-class wetland. The lake level is presently very low and, to prevent large-scale native fish deaths, DSE has arranged for native fish to be caught and released into more-secure water bodies such as the lower Goulburn River. Source: newspaper reports. December 2007
Wildlife corridor to join Loddon River and Kooyoora National Park
Work is underway to establish a belt of indigenous plants about 50 metres wide, and much wider in places, between Kooyoora National Park-Wedderburn and the Loddon River.Furthermore, Powlett Swamp has been fenced and some revegetation work undertaken.
Supplementing existing vegetation, indigenous shrubs are being planted along much of the Loddon River. Much of the river has been fenced to keep cattle away from the river. Source: Loddon Shire Landcare Co-ordinator. September 2007.
Concern about the dumping of rubbish in wetlands
There is a wetland near Youanmite (south-west of Yarrawonga) which used to be used as the Shire's tip.Rusbbish remains in the wetland to this day. Fortunately, most local wetlands have escaped this fate and many are now reserves.Reedy Swamp, north of Shepparton, is a wetland which often supports large numbers of migratory waders and colonial waterbirds. Unfortunately, Reddy swamp and many other wetlands are still sometimes being used by ratbags as dumping grounds for rubbish. According to DPI, over the past year or so dumped cars, garden clippings, car tyres, mattresses and other household rubbish was removed from Reddy Swamp. Dumping rubbish in wetlands can increase nutrient levels causing toxic algal blooms and degraded water quality.
Persons illegally dumping rubbish in wetlands should be reported. The number to report rubbish dumping is 1800 352 555. December 2007.
Serrated tussock attacked
A programme to eradicate Serrated Tussock, an unpalatable introduced weed, is under way in the Goulburn Broken Catchment. Landowners are responsible for eradicating it from their property. December 2007
Prolonged drought conditions continue
The southern Riverina and northern Victoria have suffered from drought conditions for about 14 years. Rainfall was been below average again in 2007. Crop yields have been low and little irrigation water made available. Whilst Grey Box trees appear to be withstanding the dry conditions well, a lot of Red Gum trees are under great stress. Some old trees have already died. The dry conditions are having a negative impact upon bush bird numbers. Most wetlands are dry. Many lakes and storage reservoirs are empty. There appears to be a long-term climatic change and devastating effects are becoming obvious. September 2007.Update: the drought continues in 2009.
'Demonstration reaches'
The native fish of the Murray-Darling Basin have suffered declines in distribution and abundance over the past 50 years or so. A third of the fish species are threatened, including the Murray Cod.As fish are a good indicator of river health, it is clear that all is not well.
A number of sections of some rivers in the catchment have been selected as 'demonstration reaches'. In these sections, riparian vegetation is to be rehabilitated. Where snags are few, they are to be supplemented. An attempt is to be made to control alien species. Barriers to fish movement are to be overcome, e.g. by constructing fish ladders. Attempts are to be made to improve water quality.
Demonstration reaches are large-scale river reaches or wetlands where a number of management interventions are applied to showcase the cumulate benefit of river rehabilitation on native fish populations.
The lower Campaspe River ~ from the Waranga Channel siphon to its confluence with the Murray ~ has been selected as a demonstration reach. Adjoining landholders are being encouraged to participate in the stretch's rehabilitation. Much fencing has been undertaken and some revegetation works are under way. Resnagging is not necessary because many snags are already present.
A field day to outline the scheme was held early in September 2007. About 35 people attended. September 2007.
* The day was also Threatened Species Day. Many attended an event at Kyabram.
Fungus to attack Bridal Creeper
A biological control agent, rust fungus (Puccinia myrsiphylli), has been released on bridal creeper in Echuca. Many plant species introduced into Australia do not have any natural enemies here to restrict their spread. Bridal Creeper is an introduced weed which has proliferated in places, smothering indigenous vegetation.Biological control aims to restore the balance by introducing one or more of the weedÕs natural enemies, such as insects, mites, nematodes or pathogens such as fungi, as biological control agents to reduce it to a level where it is no longer considered a problem. Agents are all thoroughly tested under quarantine conditions to ensure that they can be safely released and will not threaten other plant species.
The Department of Primary Industries (DPI), in conjunction with the Shire of Campaspe, has identified sites of major infestations of bridal creeper within the Echuca Township. A DPI officer released rust fungus on an infestation along Campaspe Esplanade on 17th August, and on an infestation alongside the Campaspe in Victoria Park on 20th September.
Furthermore, in September, under the supervision of Department of Primary Industries, some students from an Echuca primary school have bred and released leaf hoppers to attack Bridal Creeper.
The release of Leaf Hoppers to attack Bridal Creeper (K Stockwell)
Bridal creeper rust fungus (Puccinia myrsiphylli) was approved for release in Australia in 2000. It is host specific and will not attack any economically important or native plant species. It is the second natural enemy of bridal creeper to be released in Australia, the first being the leafhopper, Zygina species. The rust fungus and Leaf Hoppers are expected to considerably reduce the number of fruits produced in a season.
If you would like further information before this time, please contact Rhonda Day, Campaspe Shire Landcare Coordinator on 5851 3408. Source: observation and emails from DPI and from Rhonda Day. September 2007
Incentive payments for Landholders who enhance habitats
Murray CMA has provided information on a novel incentive programme, developed in conjunction with CSIRO and the Australian government, to encourage land-holders in the Murray Catchment of NSW to develop suitable on-farm habitat for Plains-wanderers, Brolgas and Bush Stone Curlews.NestEgg is a habitat improvement programme which encourages land-holders to undertake and implement on-farm management actions to benefit three ground-nesting birds: Plains-wanderer, Brolga and Bush Stone Curlew. NestEgg encourages farmers to apply for funds by submitting bids for works to encourage these birds to breed. They decide on what measures they could take and cost them.
Bonus payments NestEgg offers upfront payment to participating land-holders and then offers bonus payments for sound natural resource management outcomes. Additional set bonus payments are available where land-holders maintain good habitat and for the presence and successful breeding of the three species over the three-year life of their agreement. Successful bids incorporate management actions to improve the birdsÕ key habitat features. For example, a Brolga project may include managing water in a wetland where the bird breeds (to maintain a suitable wetting and drying regime), controlling foxes, or strategically grazing the wetland to ensure indigenous vegetation is a suitable height and condition for Brolgas breeding.
Wildlife information sessions Murray CMA has been running a second round of ÔWildlife WondermentsÕ information sessions across the Riverina. The seminars and field days presented the results of bird and wildlife surveys undertaken by ornithologist and wildlife ecologist Matthew Herring. The aim of the wildlife surveys is to improve participation in restoration and regeneration, and active management of local wildlife habitat. The sessions play a role in providing land-holders with the knowledge and support to better manage vegetation and wildlife on their farms. Thousands of people have attended MattÕs sessions over the past few years. A third round of information sessions is about to get under way. A colour brochure is being produced. For details contact Alexandra Knight 02 6051 2207 (or 0428 429 985). Source: Murray CMA.
More protection for northern Victoria's indigenous grasslands
According to a senior DSE officer, the Federal Government has recognized the northern Victoria's indigenous grasslands as a distinct habitat from the Southern Riverina Grasslands, and classified them as critically endangered. This probably means that northern Victoria's indigenous grasslands will be now listed under the Commonwealth's EPBC legislation, and more funding may be available for research, care and protection. The officer suggested that we still need to keep up the good work of seeking to preserve all the little remnants of native grassland around the area, and especially keeping local shire councils aware of their importance. Source: email, June 2007.Update: several paddocks of indigenous grasslands are to be added to Terrick Terrick National Park once legislation passes through the Victorian parliament.
Restoration of Kanyapella Basin under way
Some time back, a draft management plan was prepared for Kanyapella Basin. The plan has been revised and was signed off by key stakeholders in April 2007. A 'steering committee' with representatives of stake-holders is to meet from time to time, at least until the recommendations of VEAC's River Red Gum Investigation are known.Work at rejuvenating the environmental values of the Kanyapella Basin are under way. Goulburn Murray Water has agreed to undertake site works to provide a new water management system which will be able to deliver an appropriate water regime without compromising the flood retardation function of the wetland and without having a significant impact on local irrigators. The works are to commence sometime during the next 12 months, possibly as early as June 2007. Parks Victoria and Field and Game Australia hope to reduce the population of foxes and other feral animal pests. Fencing works, including restoration of boundary fences, are also likely to be undertaken this year. There is concern about stock which is wandering at will; agencies are hoping to work with a lease-holder to resolve this problem.
Bush Stone Curlews have recently been observed in the Basin.
Irresponsible forest users
There are concerns about the actions of irresponsible shooters in local forests.
During May 2007, indiscriminate shooters have allegedly killed many animals in Barmah Forest and damaged signage. During a recent blitz, at least 10 people were 'intercepted' by DSE and police. Two men have been charged with a number of offences. Night-time and random patrols are to continue.A number of kangaroos and other animals have been shot in Kanyapella Forest. Some illegal firewood collection has occurred. Local land-holders notify police or land-managers about incidents. The Steering Committee hopes that appropriate signage will be erected at entrances to Kanyapella Forest.
In Banyula Forest (Echuca), there has been illegal dumping of rubbish.
In southern NSW, there have been blitzes on Gulpa Island and other State forest areas aimed at reducing illegal activities such as shooting, driving unregistered motor bikes and collecting wood without a permit. May 2007.
Investigation of Barmah proposal
The Victorian Government has established a task force to investigate the proposal to by-pass The Narrows (see article below). The task force includes representatives of various stake-holders. The proposal is unlikely to go ahead if the task force finds that it will impact adversely on the Barmah-Millewa wetlands. March 2007.
Help for the Bush Stone Curlew
The Murray CMA has appointed a Curlew conservator and Landcare liaison person. Rosie Smith. A curlew breeding programme is under way in two secure, fenced locations.
Bush Stone Curlew (Keith Stockwell)Local Curlew numbers have been falling owing to predation and habitat loss. Funding is avaialable to help fence areas where curlews reside, helping protect them from predators. Crash grazing may be desirable in such reserves as the Curlews like to have a clear 360 degree view of the ground. They also like fallen timber. The birds spend much time sitting or standing motionless on the ground, and young Curlews are therefore sitting dummies for foxes and cats.
For further information, contact Rosie Smith at Murray CMA (NSW) or, in the case of northern Victoria, Amy Marshall at DSE Bendigo. March 2007.
Grazing claims rejected
One argument used by those who wish to continue to graze cattle in State forests is that cattle reduce fire risks. DSE's north-east fire manager has rejected the claim.According to a report in the Riverine Herald, DSE's north-east fire manager has apparently claimed that cattle grazing has little impact on the bushfire risk as cattle do not eat branches, twigs, bark and eucalyptus leaves which are the main flammable fuels.
He is reported as saying that the scale and intensity of recent fires in Barmah Forest was largely due to long-term drought conditions.
He was responding to a threat from Picola Fire Berigade that they may not fight fires in the forest if cattle grazing ceases.
It has been noted that cattle are not eating Giant Rush and some other flammable plants. Cattle graze selectively, favouring some grasses over other plants. May 2007.
Postscript: some of the atrocious fires which swept parts of Victoria in February 2009 started and rushed across grazed paddocks.
Locust site
A local farmer and ecologist has emailed, requesting that we link this site to his Save the Locust site. Save locusts?! Checking out the site, I found the site to be most informative and learnt much about locusts. Check the site out: it aims to provide 'a more balanced view' about locusts. February 2007
Chilling plan for Chiltern
A DSE officer writes:This is an alert to ALL birdos and visitors who have ever visited, gone passed or plan to get to, Chiltern and the wonderful box-ironbark habitats at this location in north east Victoria. The land manager, Parks Victoria, has finally released the long-awaited DRAFT management plan for the park.
As a well known hotspot for most Victorian woodland bird species (especially Regent Honeyeaters), threatened orchids (and other flora), rare and threatened reptiles, amphibians etc, this is your chance to make your thoughts heard. Of particular concern to birdos is the proposed introduction of prospecting in the north east section of the park. This activity may have impacts on a suite of ground-dwelling birds and other fauna. Threatened species recorded for this patch of the park are - Brush-tailed Phascogale, Squirrel Glider (both listed as threatened under the Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act) - Brown Treecreeper, Black-chinned Honeyeater, Painted Honeyeater, Regent Honeyeater, Speckled Warbler, Diamond Firetail, Grey-crowned Babbler, Swift Parrot, Turquoise Parrot, Barking Owl (the last eight bird species are FFG-listed) - Tree Goanna (vulnerable in Victoria)
Disturbance of the ground layer in dry environments may have serious impacts on ground-nesting birds in particular. Species lists for the park and this area can be obtained from the Atlas of Victorian Wildlife via the email address: biodiversity.info@dse.vic.gov.au
I encourage everyone to make a response, no matter how short. Close of submissions is Monday 28 May 2007. Full details can be found on the following Parks Victoria web pages. Link to Parks Victoria Draft Management Plan for Chiltern-Mt Pilot National Park - http://www.parkweb.vic.gov.au/1ministory.cfm?story=208 Responses can be posted or emailed with the address provided as: chilternpilotplansubmissions@parks.vic.gov.au
2,500 scientists warn of dire consequences from climate change
Early in February 2007, the United Nations released a 1,200 report prepared by around 2,500 scientists warning of turbulent storms, rising sea levels, devastating droughts, increasing temperatures and melting ice caps as a result of global warming. They attributed the warming to human activities, e.g. the use of coal to fire power stations and vehicle exhaust emissions. The report predicts that temperatures could rise by up to a massive six degrees Celsius and that sea level could rise by up to 140cm by the end of the century. Warming is well under way. In particular, southern Australia stands to suffer from reduced rainfall and higher evaporation. Source: media reports, February 2007.
Additions to this site
Early in February 2007, a number of changes and additions have been made to this and allied sites. The contents page has been redesigned to provide a better site map. There is a separate page on three bushland areas: Terrick Terrick National Park (including information about the new Friends of Terrick Terrick Group), Greater Bendigo National Park and Barmah-Millewa Forest. A section on indigenous animals, featuring information on indigenous fish, mammals (including marsupials and monotremes), reptiles, amphibians and more, has also been prepared at the suggestion of Echuca Landcare group. The new animals section excludes birds, which are covered in a separate section, and invertebrates. The section on weeds has been moved to a separate page on the Echuca Landcare Group site. February 2007.
Postscript: A separate page on Kanyapella has also been created. March 2009.Australian Government plans takeover of Murray-Darling
At a National Press Club address in Canberra in January, the Australian Prime Minister announced a ten-point water plan. The plan envisages lining or piping channels, allocating 50% of water savings to the environment (and especially to the six icon sites, including Barmah-Millewa Forest) and the remainder to irrigators, capping ground water use, investigating the possibility of developing more agricultural areas in northern Australia, restoring the Great Artesian Basin, addressing water over-allocation and undertaking major infrastructure works in the Murray-Darling Basin.Threat to The Narrows? Specific mention was given to the Barmah Choke ('The Narrows'). The very existence of the Barmah-Millewa Forest is dependent upon the choke which constricts the amount of water which can be conveyed through the forest. When the capacity of the choke is exceeded, sections of the forest flood. Red Gum and Moira Grass Plains depend upon flooding for their existence. Most of the flood water eventually returns to the river. Any attempt to widen or deepen 'The Narrows' would be bad news for the forest and would damage a geological formation of national significance, a perched river with paired silt jetties. Such action is unlikely in view of the likely protests.
A by-pass channel or pipeline would be terrific for the forest if it was used only in summer and spring, and not at all in winter or autumn, so that the old natural flooding patterns could be partially restored. It is unlikely that a by-pass would only be used in summer and spring, especially in view of the enormous cost of such by-pass. The area is very flat, and because the Murray can flow backwards when the Goulburn is in flood, a by-pass channel would have to be very long. Unless carefully planned, a by-pass could turn out to be an expensive white elephant.
Looking toward Barmah Lake from The Narrows (K Stockwell)The Narrows or Barmah Choke is that length of the Murray immediately east of the Cadell Fault Line (see diagram). It is a new section of river formed after the Cadell Tilt Block rose, blocking the old course of the Murray River. The very existence of the Barmah wetlands depends upon the carrying capacity of The Narrows being exceeded in late winter and spring, but not late summer or autumn. January 2007
P.S. All States apart from Victoria have agreed to hand over powers so that the Australian government can manage the Basin. Conservation groups have spoken out against any by-pass of The Narrows ('Barmah Choke'). The Australian Government cannot assume control of the Basin untill and unless all State governments agree. Victoria is holding out as it fears its farmers will be disadvantaged; it is generally agreed that Victoria has managed its water resources better, with less 'over-allocation' for irrigation, than some of the other States. KS
World Wetlands Day
An expo was held in Echuca's Aquatic Reserve on Saturday 3rd February 2007 to celebrate World Wetlands Day. Apart from talks and Waterwatch activities, there were lots of activities for children.
Most local wetlands, including Hut Lake and Moira Lake (pictured to the left) in the Barmah-Millewa Forest are currently dry. Note the dead carp. Wetlands gain by being allowed to dry out The drying bed will consolidate and aerate the sediments, alter the phys-chemical properties, and may serve to strengthen macrophyte communities upon re-wetting. Photo: K Stockwell.
Giant Rush, an indigenous species that is unfortunately taking over too much of the rich biodiversity of Barmah-Millewa's Moira Grass Plains, will not find the conditions favourable.
When the wetlands next receive water, they should be able to provide lots of food for invertebrates, native fish, waders and colonial water birds. Hopefully the waders and colonial water birds have found wetlands with water elsewhere and not perished!
Unfortunately the wetlands of Barmah-Millewa are facing an invasion by an introduced aquatic weed, Arrowhead, and, experts argue, are being damaged by cattle.
A well-attended Wetlands Forum was held in Leeton last November (2006). A report appears below.
Help find a Growling Grass Frog
North Central Waterwatch has developed a frog education and monitoring program to increase public awareness of frogs, their biology, conservation status, and threats, while increasing knowledge of species distribution in our region.The program realises these objectives by engaging the community in frog identification and distribution mapping activities.
How do we survey frogs? Well, it's actually pretty easy. All you do is listen to them.
You can identify the species present at a site through their characteristic calls (it's a little harder to survey for numbers, as only males call and it's pretty hard to distinguish between individual calls in many cases). Through our frog monitoring program, community members can learn to identify all species of frog present in the region through call recognition.
Most of the species in the North Central region of Victoria have calls that are quite different, making them pretty easy to identify; however, a few are pretty similar. To ensure that species are properly identified, monitors record calls on digital voice recorders (supplied by NC Waterwatch) which are then verified by Waterwatch staff. Data collected stored on a database and will be forwarded to DSE to be included in the Victorian Wildlife Atlas.
Community members can conduct surveys at any time of the year, but guidance is given as to 'where and when' is the most appropriate. January is the time you are most likely to hear the Growling Grass Frog calling.
The Growling Grass Frog is a threatened species and has very few know populations in the North Central region. This makes it even more important that we get out there and try to find remnant populations!
NC Waterwatch will be conducting surveys for the GGF with community members over the next month in an effort to locate populations and raise awareness of this amazing, but highly threatened species. If any staff (or friends and family) are interested in participating in these surveys or think they may have heard a Growling Grass Frog (they really growl, so you would know if you had heard one), please let one of the Waterwatch team know and well sort you out with a voice recorder and some instructions on how best to find the frogs.
All of you who are interested in frogs might want to have a look at the frog identification materials NC Waterwatch has developed. Click here to find how to obtain a copy or visit http://www.vic.waterwatch.org.au/inform.php?a=7&b=625&c=626
Barmah-Millewa Wetlands dry out
As most of the storages along the Murray and its tributaries contain little water, it is unlikely that environmental water will be released in the foreseeable future. It is hoped, however, that environmental water can be released into a few small wetlands so that they can act as drought refuges for native fish and waterbirds.Reports suggest that there will be no further releases of water from Jindabyne and, if substantial rains do not fall soon, that the Murray could cease flowing later this year. If it was not for storages, the Murray would, by now, be reduced to a chain of waterholes.
The Murray is still flowing strongly downstream of Yarrawonga at the moment (January 2007), with much of the water destined for Adelaide. But wetlands have either been drained or allowed to dry out.
Almost all of the wetland areas in the Barmah-Millewa Forest are dry. The Reed Beds near Picnic Point (southern Riverina) have been dry for several months. Even 'permanent' wetlands such as Hut Lake in Barmah Forest, have now dried out. Permanent wetlands provide a drought refuge for both native fish and birds.
An interesting email report ~ which was written by Keith Ward last month ~ has been received, outlining the effects of drought on wetlands of the Barmah-Millewa Forest.
Having mentioned that a major drought refuge, Hut Lake, had all but dried out, Keith Ward states:
"Fortunately it is not all doom and gloom. The drying bed will consolidate and aerate the sediments, alter the phys-chemical properties, and may serve to strengthen macrophyte communities upon re-wetting. Giant Rush, an indigenous species that is, unfortunately, taking over too much of the rich biodiversity of the Moira Grass Plains, will not find the conditions favourable. This is a good thing."
It sure is, provided waterbirds can survive until these wetlands receive water. Some appear to have moved to northern Australia or into town lagoons, some are finding a refuge in sewage farms (i.e. waste water treatment facilities) whilst many may have perished. According to a report on the ABC news, a recent aerial waterbird survey recorded record low numbers.
In order to provide a rich source of food for water birds, wetlands need to dry out at times. So, when the wetlands next receive water, there should be lots of food for waders and other waterbirds. But Keith Ward points out a paradox:
"the drought paradoxically often means that parts of the Barmah wetlands get wet. No, this is not a typo - just a consequence of the Murray River being run too high in the quest of river managers' attempt to deliver as much water as possible through the Barmah Choke (a natural constriction within the river channel). The Giant Rush stands in those wetlands are in complete heaven, and their advancement this year will now be about the last nail in the proverbial coffin for many Moira Grass plains. This is definitely not a good thing."
Before irrigation, the Murray usually flooded the Moira Grass plains in spring,drowning and killing any young Red Gum saplings which had germinated since the last flood. With river regulation, flooding is less frequent and the floods are lower, so the area of Moira Grass plain has contracted, Red Gum saplings taking over. Most of the Moira Grass plains have been lost. Obviously, the loss of this habitat has had an effect on the makeup of the local bird population. Some birds have suffered, e.g. Brolgas, seed-eaters, whereas others have benefited, e.g. White-plumed Honeyeaters, nectar feeders. Anyway, Keith Ward continues,
"But it gets more interesting - What isn't wet or dry has been burnt. A large fire that begun in mid-October, under suspicious circumstances, burnt about 800 ha of Redgum-rushland wetland system (pictures not included here). Approximately 300 ML of water was diverted from the Murray River to successfully douse some difficult to reach hot spots, however the fire continues to re-ignite elsewhere from subterranean sources (i.e., is smouldering along roots until it re-surfaces in an adjoining tree). So much for the 'grazing reduces blazing' adage being exposed by those with a vested interest. Someone should have told the cattle that they need to eat the unpalatable rush instead of facilitating the spread of it. The flammability of the material, according to the fire-fighters, was practically beyond belief!
"Despite this, the fire has actually provided a unique opportunity to reduce the Giant Rush biomass. If we were now only to get some deep and long duration flooding, then the Moira Grass may have the opportunity to re-dominate. But like any good thriller, we now have a new surprise contender - Arrowhead. This introduced species is rapidly taking over vast areas of wetlands and water supply systems throughout north-eastern and north-central Victoria, including Barmah. It prefers shallowly flooded open systems, and has so far failed to colonise Top Island because of the Giant Rush. But with the rush now out of the way, and Arrowhead choking every waterway leading into the wetland, conditions are now set to enable this species to take over when the river next rises."
Comment: Unfortunately, Arrowhead is only one of several invasive water weeds threatening the Murray system (see 'issues'). Mr Ward's comments were forwarded through an intermediary. January 2007.
Cattle ordered out of Barmah-Millewa
Because of the damage cattle are causing to dry wetlands during the present prolonged drought, chief icon site manager for Barmah-Millewa Forest, Kevin Ritchie, has asked graziers to remove all cattle from the Barmah-Millewa Forest by the end of January. Kevin's decision has been backed by several conservation groups, including the Victorian National Parks Association. Cattle licensees are disappointed insofar as this year's Barmah Muster, an event which usually attracts hundreds of visitors to the area, appears likely to be brought forward. Cattle have already been withdrawn from forests downstream of Barmah-Millewa, including Gunbower Island.
Graziers protesting Mr Ritchie's decision (photo kindly supplied by Nick Roberts)
Renewal energy produced in Tatura
A power station has been constructed in the grounds of the Tatura Waste Water Treatment Facility. The station is powered by methane which is collected from sewage. The electricity produced is to be fed into the national grid from some time in November or December. Source: personal observation. December 2006.
Dinner marks wind up of Barmah Millewa Forum
A dinner has been held at Moama to celebrate the achievements of the Barmah-Millewa Forum, a cross-border liaison body, which has been dissolved by the Ministerial Council.... A booklet critically reviewing the achievements and failures of the Forum was tabled at the dinner. Source: author attended function. October 2005.Update: the community reference group which replaced the Barmah-Millewa forum has also been wound up. It is envisaged that a new body will meet some time in 2009. March 2009.
Aquatic weeds threaten local waterways
Problematic aquatic weeds are threatening to choke local waterways.In early August, Gunbower area residents, concerned with the profusion of weeds in channels and in Gunbower Creek, organised a field trip and public meeting to discuss the extent of the problem. The invasion of aquatic weeds is far worse than many thought and the situation is deteriorating.
An aquatic weeds expert with Goulburn Murray Water, Roger Baker, identified seven aquatic weeds which are of major concern:
- Alligator Weed (Alternanthera philoxeroides)
- Arrowhead (Sagittaria graminea)
- Fanwort (Cabomba caroliniana) (America)
- Dense Waterweed (Egeria densa)
- Parrots Feather (Myriophyllum aquaticum) (Amazon Basin, South America)
- Senegal Tea Plant (Gymnocoronis spilanthoides) (despite its name, native to Central and South America)
- Yellow Water-lily (Nyphaea mexicana) (despite the species name, native to Europe)
Not yet widespread in our district, Alligator Weed is found in Bendigo Creek. But it has the potential to move down the creek and into the Murray River. It is sometimes a free-floating mat. This highly invasive weed chokes waterways, removing oxygen and causing siltation. It is a prohibited weed in Victoria.
Arrowhead is an emergent aquatic herb which spreads by seed, rhizomes and tubers. It is a particular threat to lagoons and backwaters, preventing waders and water birds from feeding. Unfortunately, in Victoria it is still legal to propagate, transport and sell this invidious weed!!! Unless politicians act to ban its propagation, distribution and sale, the situation may worsen. Whilst it may be impossible to eliminate this weed, control measures are imperative if channels are to remain usable. The best method of control is to dig up and the plant and deposit it safely above high water level. In the Gunbower system, there are 38 sites downstream of the headworks, two of which are actively spreading. This weed is spreading at the alarming rate of 20km per annum!
Cabomba (Fanwort) is a submerged aquatic herb which spreads easily and restricts water flows. Despite being a weed of national significance, it can still be propagated and sold in Victoria because it is a popular aquarium plant! Lake Nagambie and in Lake Benalla are infested.
Egeria is a submerged aquatic herb, usually rooted but sometimes floating. It forms dense mats which retard water flow. Only male plants appear to be wild, so no seeding takes place. But it is like the sorcerer's apprentice's broomstick, pieces breaking off to form new plants. Despite being banned in some States, it can still be propagated and sold in Victoria!!!
Parrot's Feather is a bright green freshwater herb which closely resembles our native Milfoil. It has the appearance of a tiny feathery conifer. It spreads from stem fragments, is invasive and difficult (impossible?) to control. Outcompeting Milfoil and other natives, it is rampant in the National Channel near Gunbower. Sterile plants appeared a few years ago at the headworks of Torrumbarry Weir and appear to have been spread by anglers and birds. In four years, this weed has spread from covering 4ha to over 120 hectares! It is likely to reach the Murray. It has been in Lake Nagambie for a few years. It is now also in Campbells Creek and threatening the Loddon River. Despite being a weed of national significance, it can still be propagated and sold in Victoria because, despite being very similar to native Milfoil in appearance, it is a popular aquarium plant!!! A beetle eats the plant only to water level; biological control seems unlikely to be successful.
Senegal Tea Plant is a hardy aquatic herb which forms a mass of tangled vegetation, covering the water surface. White florets cover the plants in spring-summer. It spreads by seeds and broken stem fragments. Water flow is impeded.
Yellow Water-lily covers a lagoon along Matthews Road near Gunbower. Once a haven for waders and water birds, the lagoon can no longer sustain more than a handful of water birds, the weed covering the water surface and acting as a sediment collector. Consequent silting favours carp at the expense of indigenous fish.
Other weeds damaging local waterways include Persicaria and Water Hyacinth (Eichlorina). Weeds of streambanks and littorals include Basket Willow, Bridal Creeper, Olive Trees, Boxthorn, various thistles, various introduced grasses and burrs, Horehound and Sweet Pittosporum.
Other threats. Leaving water levels in wetlands for too long and at too high a level is causing many local wetlands to deteriorate. They need to be allowed to dry out occasionally and kept at a level low enough to avoid the under mining of bordering trees. Many trees have died because of inappropriate water management practices. During the field trip, participants were shown an example of a degraded wetland, Longmore's Lagoon. Water has been stored in the lagoon to meet the needs of 10 irrigation farmers. But the water has been kept at too high a level for too long and water flow has been restricted. Trees have died, trees have toppled down and blue-green algae has appeared in the stagnant water. Islands have disappeared and a a huge egret rookery has been all but abandoned by the birds.
After the field trip, participants met at the Gunbower Hotel to discuss steps which could be taken to control the deterioration of local waterways. It was resolved that local politicians be asked to ban the propagation, transport and sale of the above aquatic weeds. Unless action is taken, the cost of controlling aquatic weeds will escalate and water authorities may be unable to supply water to some irrigators.
A new national park for inland NSW
Located in the Balranald area, what was the largest privately-owned property in NSW, Yanga Station, is to become a national park.The 80,000 hectare property at Balranald has 17,000 hectares of river red gum forest and 160 kilometres of frontage on the Murrumbidgee River. New South Wales Environment Minister Bob Debus claims that the new national park will boost the economy of inland NSW, attracting up to 50,000 tourists a year by the time this park is properly developed. He claims it will be able to be sold as a partner park to Mungo.
NSW Opposition Leader John Brogden fears that the new national park is too big to be run effectively and that the NSW government should have put the money into health or another area.
See also, article below re new national parks for NSW. Source: ABC News 11 July 2005.
Massive invasion of pests
Scientists of the Australian Biosecurity Group have called for urgent action to combat a massive invasion of pest animals and weeds.They have proposed a 10 point action plan. In particular, they call on uniform weed legislation by the States. At the moment, weeds and animals which are declared noxious or banned in one State may be sold in other States.
They claim that Australia has 2,800 foreign weeds, 25 invasive mammals, 20 invasive birds, four invasive reptiles and 34 alien fish species. Source: The Age 27 July 2005.
Meanwhile, following cutbacks to the funding of Catchment Management Authorities, the number of officers dealing with feral weeds in northern Victoria has been slashed to just one. Source: McPherson Newspapers.
Climate change inevitable
It is too late to protect some of Australia's most unique ecosystems, such as the Great Barrier reef and the Daintree Rainforest, from the destructive effects of climate change, according to a report commissioned by the Australian Greenhouse Office. Australian ecosystems most vulnerable to greenhouse-gas-induced climate change include alpine regions, reefs, tropical rainforests and coastal wetlands, according to the report.Whilst priority should be given to World Heritage listed systems, there may be little that can be done, according to the report. "Climate change might overwhelm some fragile species and remnant habitats (such as those in alpine regions) that literally have nowhere else to go, or for which effective options for supplementing their natural adaptive and coping capacities ... are extremely limited," it said.
The 159-page report said there was little doubt Australia faced some degree of climate change over the next 30 to 50 years irrespective of international or Australian efforts to reduce greenhouse gases. "Much of the climate change likely to be observed over the next few decades will be driven by the action of greenhouse gases already accumulated in the atmosphere," it said.
Figures released by the Federal Government earlier this year showed more greenhouse gases were being produced in Australia as people consumed increasing amounts of energy. Australia has refused to ratify the international climate change agreement, the Kyoto Protocol, which sets limits on greenhouse gas emissions and has refused to extend support to the struggling renewable energy industry, which has found it difficult to compete against coal.
Source: summary of an article in the Sydney Morning Herald, July 2005
Birds make use of replanted vegetation
Studying areas in the Torrumbarry district, a Monash University honours student, Leah de Vries, has found that indigenous birds make use of replanted and regenerating vegetation.Whilst some birds feed and breed in small plantations, birds seem to prefer larger areas where old indigenous trees have been supplemented with new plantings. And birds find older plantations of more use than younger ones.
Leah found that the few areas of remnant vegetation in the district tended to have more Black Box, more fallen logs, more dead trees and more Lignum than replanted areas. Old box trees are important because they tend to have hollows which birds can use for breeding. But it takes over 120 for most Box trees to develop hollows. Some local land-holders have planted shelter belts of indigenous plants, some even adding logs and ground covers. Much revegetation has occurred along roadsides and on Crown land.
Unfortunately, Black Box does not particularly like irrigated land and so is sometimes absent from shelter belts adjoining irrigated pasture.
Source: presentation of findings, June 2005.
Northern Plains Conservation Management Network up and running
Many Northern Plains landholders are supporters of the Northern Plains Conservation Management Network. With support from the network, landholders are rebuilding the natural connectivity of the area, improving ecological and landscape function.The network is supported by the North Central Catchment Management Authority, Trust for Nature, Parks Victoria, DSE and DPI. Funding is provided by the Australian Government's Natural Heritage Trust. The network is promoting the use of indigenous grass pastures and has pointed out the suitability of certain species, e.g. Wallaby Grass, Kangaroo Grass, Windmill Grass (Chloris ventricosa), Weeping Grass, Common Wheat Grass and Redgrass.
The group conducts occasional information nights and distributes a newsletter. 2005.
Australian government joins war on weeds
The Australian Government has asked State and Territory governments to ban the sale of 20 weeds of national significance, some of which are still be sold by some nurseries. The weeds it hopes will be banned include rubber vine, lantana, bridal creeper and bitou bush.The federal government is to make available $40 million to fund a 'Defeat the Weed Menance' campaign.
Garden plants account for 732 per cent of the 1,765 listed environmental weeds.
In early June, the Australian Government banned the importation of about 3,300 potential weeds. Source: newspaper article. June 2005.
Is body's name deceptive?
The Australian Environmental Foundation (AEF) has been launched. Its registered place of business is allegedly the address of the Institute of Public Affairs and the directors allegedly include persons associated with such industries as mining, logging and dairying.The Australian Conservation Foundation (ACF) has allegedly requested the new body to stop using the name Australian Environment Foundation in case the public confuse it with the Australian Conservation Foundation. A spokesperson for AEF is reported to be the Victorian Manager of Timber Communities Victoria. Source: 'The Age' 8 June 2005.
PS Don Burke has been appointed as head honcho of the AEF. Upon his appointment, Mr Burke is reported to have claimed that 'the greatest threat to the world's environment is the conservation movement'. Source: The Age , 26 July 2005.
Scientists give a stark warning
The wetlands, savannahs, estuaries and other habitats which recycle air, water and nutrients are so damaged that the ability of Earth's ecosystems to sustain future generations cannot be assured, according to a report, the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, backed by 1,360 scientists from 95 countries. Human pressure and overpopulation are rapidly degrading the natural machinery that supports life on Earth.The report concludes that human activity is a threat to the other 10 million or so species of this planet. We are living in a time of unprecedented consumption of the Earth's natural bounties. Unless we reduce our footprint, our continued existence, and that of other species, is at risk. Source: 'The Age', 31 March 2005.
Radical plan to recycle rubbish
A high tech revolution in our waste disposal system could help the environment but result in increased charges for households. A report to the Victorian environment minister recommends the creation of a new organisation to establish high-tech waste sorting centres in Melbourne and, possibly, regional cities. The sorting centres would aim to reduce 75% of waste now being dumped to landfill.Under the plan, sorting stations would extract rubbish worth recycling, use organic waste to produce compost and collect methane to produce electricity. Recyclables such as glass, paper and plastic containers are already collected separately throughout Victoria and NSW, households currently having two separate bins, one for recyclables and one for general rubbish. Source: ''The Age' 29 March 2005.
'Global dimming' has hidden the extent of 'global warming'
On 21 March 2005, Four Corners (ABC-TV) presented a programme which argued that global warming is much more serious than generally accepted. That temperatures have not increased by more than a degree or so is largely due to the impact of pollutants in the atmosphere. As governments act to combat air pollution, thereby reducing global dimming, temperatures could soar.The programme argued that global dimming is affecting rainfall patterns. The drought in the Sahel area of Africa which has led to starvation may have been due to global dimming. The programme presented a very gloomy picture of the future and argued that governments must take measures to prevent the increase in greenhouse gas emissions as well as combatting air pollution. You can read the text of (or see) the programme here.
Thousands of hectares added to national parks
The NSW government is to add thousands of hectares to NSW national parks and reserves. As a result of the additions, 7.5% of NSW will be protected in conservation reserves. (See article above re new national park near Balranald).One of the biggest additions is the Nombinnie State Conservation Area (46,000ha) south-east of Cobar and south-east of Mt Hope in central NSW. (The geographic centre of NSW is located in the vicinity of Cobar). Source: Landline March 2005.
Queensland has also recently added thousands of hectares to its national park system.
The news has been welcomed by conservationists. Apiarists have expressed some concerns about the expansion as bee-keeping is expected to be phased out of the new national parks.
Broken Creek on the mend
The Goulburn Broken Catchment Management Authority has been working to improve weed control, to improve water flow and water quality, and to reduce salinity of the Broken Creek downstream of Katamatite.A recent review indicates that woody woods have been reduced by 95%, 82km of streamside has been fenced, $1 million has been spent on fish passage, irrigation use is now measured, nutrient loads are falling and Kinnairds wetland has been improved. Concerned communities were invited to have their say, helping to set new targets to build on the improvements already made For more information see the Goulburn Broken CMA web site. (Source: Goulburn Broken CMA) March 2005.
Physicist fears human extinction
A physicist, Dr Ron Nielsen, has released "The Little Green Handbook" in which he outlines some alarming scientific research on the state of the planet: destructive climate change; the depletion of energy, food and fish stocks; a looming shortage of fresh water and social chaos. He argues that the human race is facing extinction in a matter of decades and will run out of some critical resources in just a few years.The Little Green Handbook, which examines the ecological limits of human life on earth, warns that, for the first time in human history, we are approaching these limits and, in some cases, have already crossed them. The research is wide-ranging, looking not just at deterioration of our physical environment but at social, economic and political trends. His aim was "to analyse the problem, present the problem as it is and then leave to the people to use their intelligence and their initiative to do something about it."
As far as global consumption is concerned, which includes food and energy and material resources, Dr Nielsen believes we are already over the limit, having reached the limit around 1975-76.
He argues that we can't solve everything but we must immediately take steps to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases, of carbon dioxide and develop alternative sources of energy, we have to do it much faster and much more energetically.
New research, which he doesn't mention in the book because it is just the latest research, shows that we are changing acidity of the oceans. In an interview on ABC radio, Dr Nielsen said that "this will have devastating affect on life in oceans, on coral reefs, and again on protection of coastal regions; we have strong influence on our planet, and this is probably the area which might bring us to our knees".
In an interview on ABC radio, Dr Nielsen said "we are facing the problem of our survival for the first time in the history of the human race; we have many things which are happening which threaten our survival on this planet."
The handbook is published by Scribe and retails at $35. (Source: ABC radio interview) February 2005.
Native lawn grass
Local nurseryman Tim Barden of Ko-warra Transplants, 537 Mitiamo Road, is growing a variety of Weeping Grass (Microlaena spipioides) which he hopes to harvest and sell as lawn seed.The native grass requires only about half the amount of water which a typical lawn demands.
Tim is also growing the even hardier redgrass (Bothriochloa macra) for seed and hopes both seed varieties will be on sale within 12 months. (Source: interview with Tim Barden). 2005.
Private reserve for Wedderburn area
The Australian Bush Heritage Fund has announced that it has its first reserve in Victoria, Judith Eardley Reserve near Wedderburn (about 100km north-west of Bendigo).The reserve is close to the Wychitella Nature Conservation Reserve. Bush Heritage intends to work closely with other owners of conservation land in the area. During the establishment phase, the Reserve will not be routinely open for visiting. Two guided walks will occur during March and September 2005.
The Australian Bush Heritage Fund has announced that it is shifting its head office from Hobart to Melbourne. (Source: speakers at opening of the Reserve).
P.S. Bush Heritage Australia has subsequently purchased two adjoining properties thereby expanding the reserve.
How much habitat is enough?
After three years studying landscapes in northern Victoria, Deakin University researchers have found that a sustainable environment is one with around a 35% tree cover. Whilst the majority of native bush birds require at least a 10% tree cover, the threshold below which certain species cannot survive is 30% or higher. Some birds are much more sensitive to vegetation loss than others.Jim Radford, Andrew Bennett and Lindy MacRaild have spent three years studying 24 landscape types, each 10 by 10 kilometres in size right across northern and central Victoria.
They presented their findings to local residents at a series of seminars held throughout our region during November 2004.
They argued that it is best to err on the side of caution and retain a 30 to 35% tree cover across the region. This figure includes roadsides, streamlines, public land and private property. There is also the need for large national parks to help protect those species which require even larger areas of bushland.
The researchers found that woodland-associated species such as Eastern Rosella, Galah and Red-rumped Parrot live in native vegetation but also use cleared land.
But woodland-dependent species such as White-browed Babblers, Brown Tree-creeper and Diamond Firetail live almost exclusively in native vegetation, rarely venturing onto cleared land. White-browed Babblers demand shrubby undergrowth. There are a few farmland species such as Richards Pipit which preferred cleared country.
Pest species such as the Noisy Miner dislike large areas of bushland, preferring the edge of remnants.
For some species, e.g. Little Lorikeet, Crimson Rosella and Olive-backed Oriole, the population declines in a constant way as tree cover decreases.
But some species rapidly decline in number once a certain threshold is reached. That threshold is around 10% of retained cover for many species. But the threshold is much higher for others, including most endangered bush birds.
The numbers of Grey Shrike-thrush decrease rapidly in areas with less than a 20% cover (see diagram). For the Yellow-tufted Honeyeater, Gilberts Whistler and Diamond Firetail, no birds were observed in areas with less than 10% cover. Yet the number did not vary significantly where there was more cover.
For most species, single patches of bush are insufficient for viable populations to survive in the long term. They need networks of habitat through the landscape. Roadsides and riverside vegetation are hence very important. Some species are unable or unwilling to travel across cleared land. This means that, in fragmented landscapes, populations will crash more rapidly than expected because of habitat loss because of isolation. Many species use the whole landscape, moving between elements on a daily, seasonal or irregular basis.
The report states that "ultimately, the diversity and abundance of native wildlife depends on the amount, type and arrangement of native vegetation in the landscape". Species richness may remain unchanged even where many species are declining in number. It is only when a species becomes locally extinct that species richness falls.
"If we react only to a decline in species richness (e.g. at around 10% cover), it will be too late for many species that have already become threatened".
Lindy studied Mistletoe and the Mistletoebird. The occurrence of Box Mistletoe in local landscapes involves a complex interaction between the mistletoe plant, the host tree and the Mistletoebird, the primary vector. The Mistletoebird fees on the fleshy fruit of the plant, moves to other trees and deposits seeds, via its droppings, on small branches. New Mistletoe plants then sprout and the cycle continues. But the Mistletoebird (pictured) does not normally venture more than one kilometre from a bushland area. Mistletoe is vital to wildlife. Its dense clumps of foliage make ideal nest sites for some birds and helps increase the rate of hollow formation to help provide nesting sites for other species. Both the leaves and the berries are important food sources for many possums, birds and insects. The frequency of Mistletoe seems to increase with tree cover.
A brochure outlining their findings has been published and is available through Deakin University.
The following items were posted in 2004:
New bird-viewing structure
A new bird-viewing structure has been opened in the Reed Beds alongside Picnic Point Road near Mathoura (near Deadman's Creek bridge). A wooden walkway provides access from Picnic Point Road.
The new structure is to replace a hide built in 1987 which is being demolished because of safety and access concerns. The Reed Beds and the nearby Gulpa Creek is an outstanding birding locality. An official opening ceremony was held early in October 2004.
The structure is Murray Shire's contribution to a 'Tri-avian Corridor'.
Construction work on a bird observation structure is under way in Balranald Shire. And a structure has been completed at Tullakool evaporation ponds in Wakool Shire. The Tullakool structure is some distance from the edge of the ponds and access to the ponds is very limited.
Wildflower guides
The City of Greater Bendigo has joined with the Bendigo Native Plant group to produce a gardeners' guide to growing and protecting plants local to Bendigo. The 64-page colour booklet is free to residents. It is hoped that it will promote greater and better use of indigenous plants and promote water-wise gardens.Meanwhile, the Bendigo Field Naturalists Club has produced a fold-up coloured brochure on Bendigo Wildflowers. This guide should prove invaluable in the bush.
Also available at information centres in August is a brochure "Spring in the Bendigo Bush" which outlines bushland activities offered during September each year.
Landscape-style project at Longwood
A large-scale landscape conservation scheme is under way in the Longwood area between Nagambie and Euroa, covering about 120,000 hectares of farmland on riverine plains.The project involves conserving existing bushland and augmenting it, linking remnants together, in the hope of preventing the local extinction of endangered species. This biodiversity action plan involves private landholders and several agencies working together. It builds on earlier works undertaken by local landcare and environmental groups. Some species likely to benefit include the Grey-crowned Babbler, Buloke Mistletoe, Swift Parrot, Squirrel Glider and Nagambie Leek-orchid. Apart from tree planting, weed control, conservation covenant and fencing, the project involves co-ordinated fox control measures and waterway improvements. (For further information, see Trust for Nature's Conservation Bulletin issue 29)
Noxious weed invades region
A relative of Paterson's Curse, Amsinckia (Yellow Burr Weed) is rapidly invading areas of northern Victoria and southern NSW. The herb is similar in appearance to Paterson's Curse but has yellow flowers.Like Paterson's Curse, the weed is invading paddocks and roadsides, reducing agricultural production. The erect annual herb is difficult to eradicate and is causing skin and nervous system problems in livestock.
Expansion to parks system
Early in June 2004, it was announced that Victoria's park system has been expanded by 37,000 hectares and eight new nature conservation reserves are to be created.Changes in the area covered by this web site include:
- 35 ha added to Greater Bendigo National Park
- 5,930 ha added to Lerderderg State Park
- Wychitella Nature Conservation Reserve (formerly Wychitella Flora Reserve)
- Wehla Nature Conservation Reserve (north-west of Bendigo)
- Gobarup Nature Conservation Reserve (east of Bendigo)
Apart from Lerderderg, the largest additions were to Mt Arapiles-Tooan State Park (2,415ha), Mt Eccles National Park (2425 ha), Grampians National Park (985 ha), Tarra-Bulga National Park (380 ha) and added to Langi Gihan State Park (280 ha). Nature Conservation Reserves have a lower level of protection than National Parks. Some of the additional area has been purchased, some has been donated and some is crown land which has received a greater level of protection. It is hoped that the additions will be well managed. 2004.
Frog monitoring yields two more species
Surveys of frogs have been carried out at a number of spots in the Barmah-Millewa Forest over the past four years. The research has shown that frog numbers vary greatly, according to flooding events. Nine species were recorded, three more than previously. One, the barking Marsh Frog is fairly common in the forest.The study painted a grim picture with respect to some species. There was no sign of either the Inland Bullfrog or the Growling Grass Frog. And the Common Spadefoot and Bilbon's Toadlet appear to have gone missing over the period of the study, possibly as a result of dry conditions.
The study was funded by the Barmah-Millewa Forum. 2004.
Carp trap wins award
Large numbers of jumping carp have been caught by a cage in a fish ladder at Torrumbarry Weir. But, because they tend to swim lower in the water, native fish have avoided the trap.The trap was designed by a carp management team with the help of weir-keeper Alan Williams. The idea won Alan the David Ashton Biodiversity and Ecosystems Award.
Other measures are being taken to reduce the number of introduced carp in the Murray River and its tributaries. Possibly because of the initiatives being taken, carp numbers appear to be falling whilst native fish appear to be increasing in number.
A number of fish ladders along the Murray river are expected to be fitted with similar traps in the near future. 2004.
Blackwater kills fish
Large numbers of dead fish were observed along the lower Goulburn River and lower Broken Creek in 2004. Such fish kills are a result of blackwater. A subsequent survey revealed that only one Murray cod and a number of European Carp had returned to one of the worst-affected stretches.Blackwater may appear to be normal water, i.e. it is not necessarily black in appearance, but it contains very low levels of dissolved oxygen and a high level of carbon compounds.
Recent research by the CSIRO Centre for Freshwater Ecology in Albury has indicated that blackwater events are more likely to occur in summer when river levels are higher than average and when drought conditions have prevailed for some time. Red gums shed leaves in dry weather. When water covers these leaves in warm weather, micro-organisms break down the leaves, removing oxygen from the water in the process.
Fish are more prone than crayfish to be affected by blackwater events. Fish require dissolved oxygen levels of over about 4 units. However, crayfish may also die or be forced to leave the water if dissolved oxygen levels fall further, below 2. Dissolved oxygen levels in water can vary greatly according to temperature, even over the period of a day.
The research indicates that, to help prevent blackwater events, wetlands should not be flooded or be allowed to drain back into the river during summer. If environment water is released for wetlands during late winter, blackwater events are less likely to occur, especially if there is relatively little leaf litter (e.g. gums drop fewer leaves following good rains). The amount of logs and bark on the ground do not appear to be very relevant.
Greywater events also kill fish. It is not clear what causes such events and research work is desirable to determine causes and preventative measures. 2004.
Wildlife guide for landholders in the Goulburn-Broken catchment
An excellent guide on the wildlife of the plains and box-ironbark regions of the Goulburn-Broken catchment (Victoria) has been prepared for local landholders. It is available through local Landcare groups and the Goulburn Broken Catchment Management Authority.Over 200 years ago, this area supported a diversity of vegetation and habitats. European occupation led to the introduction of domestic stock, extensive clearing for agriculture, a spate of gold mining, and post-war timber harvesting. The impact has been huge. Kangaroo rats no longer roam the plains, many wetlands have been drained and more than 40% of the native land-bird species are in decline. The booklet provides details on some of the species of wildlife which remain and outlines how landholders can help them survive. 2004.
Fish ladders
Hundreds of native fish have already been recorded moving up a fish ladder on the Murray near the South Australian border. The ladder is one of several to be constructed with funding from the Living Murray programme.The aim of the native Fish Strategy, which will see 2,300 km of fish passage created between the sea and lake Hume over five years, is to return native fish populations to 60% of estimated pre-European settlement levels within 50 years.
Locks and weirs often act as impenetrable barriers to fish. Native fish need to be able to move up and down stream. The construction of fish ladders will enable them to move past such barriers. Sometimes two ladders will be constructed in close proximity, one for large fish and another for smaller fish. At Torrumbarry Weir, a trap on a fish ladder is catching large numbers of jumping carp but is being avoided by native fish (see story above).
At present, when stream levels fall, many fish often get trapped and perish behind closed regulators. Ladders will lessen the likelihood of such tragedies.
Desnagging the river is being discouraged as many fish shelter, feed and breed in fallen woody debris ("snags").
Scientists from four States are to be involved in monitoring the fishway over the next few years. 2004.
EDITED by Keith Stockwell. Email news to stocky at mcmedia.com.au
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